tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75159642739938341392024-03-13T20:15:24.945-07:00KAZI TZkazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.comBlogger49125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-35028716820644432582019-04-27T13:59:00.000-07:002019-10-13T12:30:56.551-07:00VIDEO WATCH Limpopo Game Reserve Owner Mauled By His Angry Lion<br />
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<a href="https://trendstz.com/?p=180" target="_blank">CLICK HERE TO WATCH VIDEO OF Limpopo Game Reserve Owner Mauled By His Angry Lion</a>kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-37137377484823580272017-11-18T10:07:00.002-08:002017-11-18T10:07:55.088-08:00MOST VIOLENT PLAYERS ON PITCH EVER<div style="text-align: justify;">
Soccer is referred to affectionately by millions all over the world as "the beautiful game." But over the course of its history, it has shown a dark side as well.</div>
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Many of the world's biggest football clubs are known to have fan bases packed with thugs and hooligans, and these fan bases have brought about terrible moments in the history of the game.</div>
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Earlier this year in February, for example, we had the Egypt soccer riotswhich killed over 70 people, and when Tottenham visited Lazio in the Europa League this season, many Spurs fans were brutally attacked by the Italian club's Ultras. </div>
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But just as the game can get ugly off the pitch, it can get ugly on the pitch as well.</div>
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Many of the world's highest profile players have made a name for themselves by beingLazio physical beyond what is deemed necessary—in the modern game, think Pepe, Joey Barton, Nigel De Jong, just to name a few.</div>
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Today, we'll be running through 10 of the most violent on-pitch incidents ever, ranked on the basis of intent, level of violence, level of damage caused, and uncommonness compared with the nature of the game at that time. </div>
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Honorable Mentions</div>
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Nigel de Jong Kung Fu Kick on Xabi Alonso</div>
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This one should be fresh in the minds of most readers, since it took place only two-and-a-half years ago.</div>
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Though it looks crazy, it's hard to say that Nigel de Jong genuinely intended to take out Xabi Alonso in the manner he did, especially in the World Cup Final. Highlights during the game showed that De Jong was simply too focused on the ball and not enough on his opponent.</div>
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Luckily, Alonso was able to continue playing the rest of the game, which Spain would win 1-0.</div>
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Martin Taylor on Eduardo da Silva</div>
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Arsenal fans will remember this tackle pretty well.</div>
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As Eduardo da Silva embarks upon a run towards goal, he comes across Martin Taylor, and takes a deft touch to get around him. Unfortunately, Taylor reacts too slowly, and the result is a horrific, forceful tackle right on Eduardo's shin, which leads to a nasty leg break.</div>
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Afterwards, Alex McLeish told the media that Taylor was "distraught" (h/t Birmingham Mail) about the injury, and Taylor even visited Eduardo in the hospital to apologize, according to The Sun.</div>
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It took Eduardo almost a year to recover from the injury, but he would eventually recover to play one more season for Arsenal before moving to Shakhtar Donetsk in Ukraine. Arsenal's season, however, underwent a dramatic downturn following the injury, leading Arsenal to lose the title to Manchester United.</div>
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Francesco Totti on Mario Balotelli</div>
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Unlike the previous two honorable mentions, this one was full of malice.</div>
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With Roma losing to Inter Milan in the Coppa Italia, Totti decided he'd had enough of the game and decided to get himself off the pitch as soon as possible by taking the strong kick he could to the back of Balotelli's legs.</div>
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Later, Totti would clarify his attack by noting that Balotelli had said some things about him and the city of Rome that he did not appreciate. He did apologize though, and luckily Balotelli emerged from the attack uninjured.</div>
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10. Lee Bowyer vs. Kieron Dyer</div>
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This one's more bizarre than it is violent, but I just couldn't leave it off the list.</div>
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Down 3-0 to Aston Villa, tensions between Lee Bowyer and Kieron Dyer boiled over, so much that the two went to blows and had to be separated by players of the opposing team. </div>
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It's never been confirmed, but rumor has it that Bowyer was upset with Dyer not passing him the ball a couple of times, and finally had enough.</div>
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Both players would go on to apologize to their manager but neither remained a Newcastle United player for much longer after the game.</div>
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9. Vinnie Jones vs. Everyone</div>
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It amazes me to think that players like Vinnie Jones were allowed to exist back in the day. Had he played modern football with the physicality he showed over his career, he'd probably have received a red card every two or three games.</div>
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But remarkably, the way the game was played back in the late 80s and early 90s, Jones was able to intimidate opposing players with his rough play regularly, and even went a while season with Leeds in the second division (46 games) without picking up more than three yellow cards.</div>
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By the time his career was done however, Jones had picked up 12 red cards, and set the record for the quickest booking ever in a football match, just three seconds into a game between Chelsea and Sheffield United.</div>
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Jones also reportedly ended ex-England international Gary Stevens' career with this tackle.</div>
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8. Joey Barton vs. Everyone</div>
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Joey Barton's most recent incident may be crazy final day antics against Manchester City, but he's had plenty of other on-the-pitch incidents of violence throughout his career.</div>
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In the 2010-11 season, he violently overreacted to a brush of shoulders with Morten Gamst Pedersen, punching him full-force in the chest. He then dishonestly attempted to sell it to the referee as nothing more than a slap or soft push on the chest.</div>
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All in all, Barton has received six red cards and about 70 yellow cards throughout his career. He's also known for a couple of violent off-the-pitch incidents which have arguably been more damaging to his career, but we'll leave discussion of those for another time.</div>
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7. Ryan Shawcross vs. Aaron Ramsey</div>
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This tackle still infuriates Arsenal fans to this day.</div>
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When Shawcross manages to dispossess one of the Arsenal players of the ball and get it at his feet, he takes a touch that knocks the ball too far and into the path of Ramsey. However, rather than let Ramsey get past him, Shawcross goes in for the ball with almost no chance of getting to it cleanly.</div>
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The result of what is very clearly a poor, poor tackle is a leg break for Ramsey.</div>
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It would take Ramsey more than a year to make another appearance for Arsenal, requiring loan spells with Nottingham Forest and Cardiff City to get back to his old level. Many Arsenal fans argue that he still has not reclaimed the potential he showed as a 19 year old back in 2010.</div>
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6. Zinedine Zidane vs. Marco Materazzi</div>
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This incident didn't cause much physical damage, but it remains one of the most controversial incidents in the history of football.</div>
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With France and Italy tied 1-1 in the second half of extra time of the World Cup Final, Zinedine Zidane inexplicably lost his cool and served up one of the meanest headbutts, right into Marco Materazzi's chest.</div>
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Unfortunately, Materazzi would be the only with the last laugh as his team would go on to win the World Cup on penalties.</div>
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5. Elizabeth Lambert vs. Women's Collegiate Soccer</div>
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For those who think that women's soccer is much softer than men's soccer, guess again.</div>
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Meet Elizabeth Lambert, probably the most violent female footballer you've ever seen. Competing in the Mountain West women's soccer tournament in 2009 for New Mexico, Lambert's physical ways finally caught up with her.</div>
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Though Lambert was only booked in the day where the above incidents took place, she was suspended indefinitely by her team afterwards for her actions. These included punching an opposing player straight into the back, and yanking a girl by her hair straight into the ground.</div>
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In 2010, Lambert would eventually return to team, expressing great remorse for her actions. To her credit, there have been no similar incidents reported from her since then.</div>
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4. Roy Keane vs. Alf-Inge Håland</div>
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Roy Keane established a reputation as one of the most tenacious midfielders in football history by the end of his career. Yet, of all the crunching tackles he launched into during his career, this one remains the most famous, because of its story.</div>
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In September 1997, when Manchester United were losing 1-0 to Håland's Leeds, Keane injured his anterior cruciate ligament. As Keane lay prone on the ground, Håland criticized Keane for an attempted foul and suggested that he was feigning injury to avoid punishment.</div>
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Keane was booked as he was stretchered off the field. He was out of action for nearly a year afterwards, missing the remainder of the 1997-98 season. Never one to let go of a grudge, Keane would have his revenge three and a half years later, with the tackle in the video above.</div>
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Initially, Keane was simply fined £5,000 and received a three-match ban. However, in his biography he admitted that he wanted to "hurt" Håland as revenge for the criticism he received years previously.</div>
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After this revelation, Keane found himself subject to an FA inquiry and received an additional five game ban, and £150,000 fine.</div>
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Claims that this tackle ended Håland's career are a bit wide of the mark as he would in fact finish the rest of the game, play in the next one up to the 68th minute, and play in a friendly for Norway in between the two games.</div>
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Furthermore, Håland was forced out of the game by a long-standing injury to his left knee, not the right one that Keane tackled. Nevertheless, Keane never once showed remorse for his tackle, nor did he acknowledge how destructive it could have been in different circumstances.</div>
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3. Diego Maradona vs. Athletic Bilbao</div>
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Diego Maradona went into this Cup Final with Athletic Bilbao hungry for revenge, as Andoni Goikoetxea had severely injured him earlier in the season in a regular league match.</div>
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Unfortunately, Maradona failed to do so in the manner he probably would've preferred; his Barcelona side lost 1-0 to Bilbao by full time.</div>
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Frustrated with his inability to secure revenge indirectly, Maradona adopted a more direct approach. When the final whistle blew, Maradona launched kung fu kicks into several of Bilbao's players, and was joined by several of his teammates.</div>
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The first second of the video may be the most ruthless from Maradona!</div>
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2. Italy vs. Chile</div>
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The Battle of Santiago, as it came to be known, was introduced as such on BBC Television when aired to the British public:</div>
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Good evening. The game you are about to see is the most stupid, appalling, disgusting and disgraceful exhibition of football, possibly in the history of the game.</div>
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The match had it all; red cards, punches, kicks, brawls, police; you name it, this game had it. It remains the pinnacle of physicality in football. Afterwards, Ken Aston, referee of the game and the very creator of the yellow card and red card system, said:</div>
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"I wasn't reffing a football match, I was acting as an umpire in military maneuvers."</div>
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Indeed he was.</div>
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Pepe vs. Francisco Casquero & Getafe</div>
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Some will say that the Battle of Santiago and even Diego Maradona's brawl were, overall, more violent than Pepe's mauling of Francisco Casquero, especially since more people were involved.</div>
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But to this day, I still have not seen an incident of violence so out of control and insane as the one above. That's what puts this above the rest for me.</div>
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Pepe's behavior was already terrible enough when he took two forceful kicks at Casquero in anger after he went down in the box. That was easily enough for a red card and a lengthy ban from the pitch. But what happened after was just mental.</div>
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Under the guise of attempting to talk to Casquero, Pepe pulled Casquero's hair, pressed his knee up on Casquero's body, and squeezed Casquero's arm. He then attempted to step on Casquero's arm with one foot, before falling back on his leg with the other.</div>
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Basically, he wanted to inflict as much pain on Casquero as possible, regardless of the consequences.</div>
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To top it all off, when he was forced off Casquero and somewhat held back by Fernando Gago, Pepe took two punches at the two Getafe players protecting their teammate, before walking over to attempt to step on Casquero yet again.</div>
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Absolutely maniacal, monstrous behavior, the likes of which we'll hopefully never seen again in football.</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-9124062603047142612017-11-16T11:54:00.000-08:002017-11-16T11:58:16.253-08:00 THE EMERGENCE OF U.S.A AS A NEW CAPITALIST SUPER POWER<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">TOPIC 6: THE EMERGENCE OF U.S.A AS A NEW CAPITALIST SUPER POWER</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FACTOR FOR RISE OF U.S.A AS A LEADING SUPER POWER</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the beginning U.S.A was a British colony which gained her independence on 1776; after the six years of war with British soldiers but from 20 th which U.S.A began to rise as a big leading capitalist in the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NOTE: The emergence of USA as a super leading power took place after WWI of 1914 – 1918, however from the end of WWII U.S.A become a leading capitalist power while British superiority declined completely due to the following reasons:-</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. U.S.A did not directly involved in both world wars of 1914 - 1918, 1939 – 1945.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Due to the outbreak of world wars; U.S.A gained a lot and these gave U.S.A to build her economy and industries without any disturbance for many years because no war fought in U.S.A soilhence no destruction was ever experienced on U.S.A soil e.g. no destruction of factories, banks, infrastructure, agricultural and trade but also during the war USA supplied war equipments such as war clothes and money to opposition sides, this led U.S.A to get prosperity and wealth also U.S.A provided employment even to women all these enabled U.S.A to build her economy and emerged as a super capitalist leading nation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Extension / provision of U.S.A Marshal plan to war affected European nations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">All European nations which was affected by the war was helped by U.S.A under the Marshal plan as an economic recovery program to all affected European nations therefore the Marshal plan gave a lot of U.S.A dollars approximately to 22 billion U.S.A dollars to Western European countries in term of grants and loans but also U.S.A provided goods; in return all of these nations were to pay back with interest likewise under the Marshal plan U.S.A persuaded the European colonial masters to decolonize her colonies through “U.S.A open door policy” as a conditions for European nation to get Marshal plan, this policy intended to make U.S.A to get Areas in colonies for her to invest, to get market, raw materials and to get cheap labor under the new USA colonialism, all these enabled U.S.A to raise as a leading super power.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Maintenance of U.S.A isolation policy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This policy made U.S.A to stay away from European wars, political conflicts and quarrels this intended to make U.S.A to concentrate on her domestic affairs. The policy which started from 1796 by President George Washington and in 1823 by Monroe Doctrine declared Europe to stay out of U.S.A, this for a long time enabled U.S.A to concentrate on building her own economy domestically e.g. building strong industries, infrastructure, agricultural period but also the policy European power to depend on America for their economic development hence U.S.A with isolation policy managed to rise as a strong capitalist nation is the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The fall of British super powerless.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This gave a room for U.S.A to harvest super profit for her development; after the collapse of British hegemony U.S.A exploited the former British colony by using the back door whereby those former colonies of British were turned on a place for U.S.A to invest, get market for manufactured goods, cheap labor without any competition hence the profit from those former British colonies enabled U.S.A to rise as the leading super power economically etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The collapse of communism in the former USSR.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In early 1990’s gave a room for U.S.A to rise as a super power in the world. This was because USSR and U.S.A existed as enemy countries with the cold war politics due to different ideologies i.e. capitalism and socialism but after the collapse of communalism in former USSR witnessed many communist follower in different part of the world abandoned socialism and following capitalism in their nations, this gave a chance for U.S.A to dominate in the world hence U.S.A role as a leading super power.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The formation of multinational cooperation and financial institution like IMF, and World Bank.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Majority of these multinational co operations based on U.S.A therefore they have to implement all investment of U.S.A in different parts of the world because these multinational co operations, military organization i.e. (NATO) are sponsored by the U.S.A to implement the policy of U.S.A, therefore many nations have to welcome these multinational cooperation and financial institution because of weak economic base hence U.S.A rose as a leading capitalist power.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Different nature of U.S.A population.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S.A had different people from different origin and different back ground in different part of the world including Jews, French, British, Africans, Arabs and Chinese; these people have different knowledge of technologies and science hence they helped U.S.A to build her own economy e.g. Majority of these are technicians, technologist, scientist and others have invested in big industries and big farm which all these helper U.S.A to rise as a leading super power in the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. The capital obtained from British after independence.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">British industries, banks, plantation, infrastructure etc, after the American was taken by U.S.A to become a good beginning of U.S.A to become rich so the wealth of British was used domestically in America and after WWII U.S.A become the leading super power in the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">9. Slave trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S.A was the major beneficiaries in horrible trade human trafficking whereby this slave trade helped U.S.A to become a leading capitalist nations due to slaves supplied cheap labor in plantations, mines industries invested in America, slaves produced a lot of raw materials for industries established in America. Slaves involved in construction and development parts, harbors, infrastructures and slaves acted as the source of market in U.S.A, all these enabled U.S.A to rise as the leading super power in the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">DECLINE OF EUROPE CAPITALISM.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF EUROPEAN CAPITALISM</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. European power were active participants in first and second world war (1914 -1918,1939-1945)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The wars left the European economy was serious catastropher. The imperialist nation included Britain, German, France and Belgium.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. The Western European imperialist states were battle field. That means the war was fought on the land field. That means the war was fought on the land of European nations therefore there was mass killings of the people and destruction of properties 3. The post second world war, left the European states highly in debted particullary by the U.S.A billion dollars were given to Britain from 1941 to the end of the second world war in 1945. Through the land lease act of 1941, caugress authorized the safe exchange or lease of arms and other equipments to Britain. 4. The Great depression of 1929-1933 before this Britain had suffered a number of depression such as economic depression of 1837/38 and 1873/1950. Which weakend her economy. Therefore, the Great depression of 1929-33, Re European Economy in serious catastropher Eg: In France the Great depression arrived later and last longer than any where in the western world. On the older land U.S.A despite the fact that she was badly affected the implemented immediate measured to solve the problem by imposing New deal policy. 5. The decline of colonial system after WWII in 1945 Africa there were the rise of mass Nationalism and also at the same time in Asia many colonies started to demand independence Eg: British lost India (1947), Pakistan(1948) and Burma (1948) also had invested much in the colonies like Canada, Australia India and Newzeland. So the independence of these colonies meant that Britain has to lose her market and invest. 6. Too many colonies. So it was burden to them according to the U.S.A policy eg:Portugal had Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau e.t.c.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">IMPACTS OF DECLINE OF EUROPEAN CAPITALISM</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. The rise of U.S.A as a super power of the world. This is due to the fact that U.S.A was not active participate in first and second world war. 2. Decolonization of African countries due to fail of colonial officers to run their colonies. 3. Spread of democracy in the world. Many African countries introduce liberal democracy with multipartism. 4. Introduction of new policies in third world countries such as structural adjustment program (SAP)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S.A ECONOMIC PROGRAM TO EUROPE i.e. MARSHALL PLAN - 1947</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Marshall Plan was European economic recovery programmed proposed by George C. Marshall (The secretary of the state in 1947 with the aim of helping (aiding) the war affected (ruined) European nations to revive their economics.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">OR</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">War an American plan to spread dollar imperialism by providing economic assistance to revive the economies of the European who was affected by the war.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ORIGIN</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The plan was drafted in June 1947 by George C. Marshall who called it a policy of cooperative European revive i.e. The European economic recovery program.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">OBJECTIVE OF MARSHALL PLAN</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1.The plan needed to reconstruct the devastated (affected) European economy because the war demonized industries, farms, transport, schools, banks, hospitals, Miner , trader etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2.The American needed to strengthen her markets for her manufactured goods abroad because at home (U.S.A) was facing over production crisis and she needed a place to dump her manufactured goods and capital.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3.The plan helped European economies with the intention of making European nations not to follow under communism or socialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The plan aimed to retail the Western European country as a health trading particular with U.S.A in the capitalist world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">TERMS / CONDITION OF THE PLAN</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. U.S.A gave/provided a lot of money approximately more than 22 US billion dollars to western European nations in terms of grants and loans, also U.S.A provide and manufactured goods with the intention of reviving European economies in return Western, European countries world pay back the debts on agreed period of time with interest.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. The European colonial masters were persuaded to decolonize their colonies as a condition to get loans and grant otherwise they would not get the loan from U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MARSHALL PLAN /LOAN</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. The plan consolidated US economic domination over Europe which made us to strengthen her imperialism with all her multinational co-operations, financial institution and military organization in Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. U.S.A was able to rescue war affected economy of Western Europe whereby Western countries were able to rehabilitate their economies. In this plan U.S.A with her open door policy towards investment and trading activities in free zones abroad become practical whereby the plan managed to make the colonialist to change their way of exploiting the colonies due to the fact that through this plan US come with another way of exploitation under the Neo – colonialism whereby all the former colonies were exploited by U.S.A under the back door of neo – colonialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The plan made U.S.A to start different military organizations abroad to safeguard invests in different parts of the world e.g. SEATO, CENTO, OCAS, NATO, OAS, and military bases established in Mombasa Kenya, Kuwait, and Pakistan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.The capital from U.S.A to European nations started to be re-invested in European nations to recover the effect of the war, also others were reinvested in colonies so as to recovery from economic crisis in the metropolitan and to enable the metropolitan countries to payback the debt to U.S.A hence it increase exploitation in the colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The plan made U.S.A economic strength in the world which accelerated her to assume as a leading position in the capitalist world (superior power) replacing Britain. This led the financial center to move from London to Washington.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The plan made U.S.A to start offering not only money but also machinery, technical assistance and raw materials in different parts of the world especially in capitalist nation which all these strengthen the economy of U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FACTORS LEADING THE GREAT BOOM ON 1920,s IN U.S.A</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the period of 1919 up to 1924 the economy of USA in comparison to other nations was much stable this is because of the benefits she got during the WWI of 1914 – 1918 hence U.S.A benefited much in the WWI because of the followings.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. USA was not participating full in the WWI. This made USA to increase her production because there was no fought in American land.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. During the war U.S.A was the supplied of food stuffs, war equipment and raw materials to fighting nations. Being paid a lot of money U.S.A enjoyed a big and good market for fighting nations during war time hence she government a lot of money or interest.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. During the war U.S.A exports increased from 2.4 billion us dollar to 7.4 bill us dollar.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. By 1920 U.S.A had half output of the world coal extraction,¾ of the world steel,2/5 of the world oil oxidation etc. these enabled U.S.A to get a lot of money and profit from her selling, this increased the wealth in U.S.A and expanded market for US minerals.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. From 1924 – 1929 U.S.A enjoyed economic boom, because of a lot of elements in the field of manufacturing industries and agricultural industries like Electronic motorbike, film industry, Radio industry and agricultural production also increased which led U.S.A to start looking for markets for her agricultural production in the world hence from 1920’s –1929 U.S.A economy was much stable and led U.S.A to be known as a period of economic boom.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">EFFECTS OF U.S.A GREAT BOOM OF 1920’s</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From 1920’s – 1933 after U.S.A had enjoyed the economic boom, the following of U.S.A started to face some crisis and was not stable due to economic depression. Economic depression in U.S.A was resulted by the followings:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Over production of commodities and agricultural production (raw materials).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">USA continued to produce more and more because of the market was not stable due to the impact of the war, hence they fail to get market to absorb all manufactured goods and commodities from USA. These lead to over production of raw materials and goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Protectionism policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">European nations which were the main markets for U.S.A manufactured goods and raw material started to adopt protectionism policy. In order to protect their industries and their farmers who had started to produce again by using the loan from U.S.A, U.S.A Learned markets in European countries which led U.S.A her economy to undergo depression.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The loss of market.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S.A loss market for her manufactured goods and raw materials due to different reasons including adaptation of protectionism policy for European countries hence over production in U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Unemployment. Due to occurrence of this U.S.A industries were closed, farmers were not producing in high capacity fearing of over production; traders, business men were not also trade here and there all these led to depression in economy of U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Close of financial institutions. Financial institution was closed because people who borrowed money from the bank did not pay back as a result of banks to undergo bankrupt.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Closure of industries. Great depression led to close of industries because industrialist feared loss over period of manufactured goods which had caused lack of market among the industries hence industries was closed.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Poor provision of social services.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1929 – 1933.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is an economic crisis within the capitalist economy which is caused by over production starting from 1929 – 1933.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CHARACTERISTICS / FEATURES OF G.E.D OF 1920 – 1933.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Existence of high inflations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Mass unemployment due to lack of economic activities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Low purchasing power among the population because of unemployment.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Protectionism policy; whereby different nations adopted various policies to domestic market protection.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. It characterized by famine, starvation and hunger hence death of many people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Low production of industrial goods and general fall prices in a long run.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Closure of financial institutions i.e. banks and insurance companies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. Poor provisional of social services and closure of industries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CAUSED OF G.E.D</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Effects of the WWI of 1914 – 1918.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This led to the decline of European nation while economy of U.S.A was gain momentum at the end of the war the purchasing power of European nations declined while production of raw materials and commodities increased. In U.S.A production become non sellable and profitless which accelerated to price fractuation in U.S.A hence this led to G.E.D of 1929 – 1933.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Over production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S.A produced manufactured goods because U.S.A thought that her markets were stable as it was before and during WWI e.g. U.S.A produced more food, zinc, copper, cocoa etc. This led to the fall of process in U.S.A and European nation were not able to absorb all manufactured goods this led several industries bankrupt and closed, farmers also were not producing more because they had no money to run agricultural activities, all these led to profit less among the formers and industrialist hence the G.E.D in U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Socialist revolution of 1917.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Russia introduced the socialist revolution after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917 whereby began to spread different parts of the world, this led imperialist nations to lose markets to those socialist nations, hence over production of raw materials and manufactured goods in USA and the fall prices which led to the occurrence of G.E.D.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The effect of protectionist policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Immediately after the WWI U.S.A was economically stable which helped other European countries to revive their own economies, however the European countries used the loans from U.S.A to restrict their industries and stabilize the economy & at the same time European nations initiated protectionist policy to defend their industries and agricultural production, this led USA to lose market in European nations hence it increased agricultural productions and industrial productions in U.S.A leading to overproduction, profitless among the farmers and industrialist hence the G.E.D in U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The collapse of the New York exchange in Oct 1929.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Because this had a lot of impacts on U.S.A economy e.g. the poor people spend their savings to buy few shares while shares were not sold due to lack of money among the traders and workers. Also stock exchange lost value whereby shares were sold on credits, banks were run bankrupt due to the fact did not return the money because shares were not sold as a result links were closed, this led to unemployment to the people worked in industries and financial institutions, also farmers who borrowed money from the banks to buy shares did not return the money to banks because shares lost value and were not sold, asa result of farmers to undergo crisis and their farms were taken by bankers due to the failure of paying back the debt hence G.E.D in U.S.A</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">EFFECT OF G.E.D WORLD WIDE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Industrial production dropped severely.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is because there was the fall of industrial and agricultural production hence industries and agricultural sector were producing under their capacity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Fall of process of raw materials and manufactured and goods which accelerated to propping of agricultural production and commodities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Unemployment where by many workers were sucked or taken away from their work so as to reduce the cost of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Low wages and salaries to those few remained employed.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Fall of international trade; this is due to protectionism policy but also accelerated same countries to reduce custom duties in order to attract traders.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Currencies lost their values e.g. German Dutch Mark.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Most of the imperialist countries started to adopt protectionism policy in order to protect their domestic market, industries and agricultural sector.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. The fall of purchasing power because many people had unemployed and countries declined their economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">9. The rise of dictatorship in the world especially in Italy, Germany and Japan where by directors in those nations used the effect of G.E.D to mobilize people and get to leadership.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">10. GED finalized almost the decline of Britain super powerness.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">11. It led to reduction of public servicesin order to reduce the cost of administration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">12. Rise of dictatorship in Europe and Japan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">IN AFRICA</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. The fall prices of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Massive unemployment because Africans who were employed in colonial sectors majority of them were sucked because colonialist faced crisis.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Low wages paid to few employed people in colonial sectors.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. It led to intensification of exploitation/high exploitation of Africa resources because the colonialist exploited more the African resources in order to compensate the problem of crisis in their countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Reduction of social services in the colonies in order to reduce the cost of administration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The increase of taxation in order colonialist to get money from colonies to revive their economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. The fall of purchasing power in the colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. The rise of prices of manufactured goods in the colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">9. Increased the struggle for independence in Africa due to the effects of G.E.D in the colonies like exploitation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">10. The formation of cooperative unions/societies in order to demand for their rights like high wages, good working condition, high prices for their raw material </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">IMPACT IN U.S.A</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Farmers of medium and small sizes were affected following the fall prices of their raw materials, thus led them to fail to pay the rent they took from the bank hence forced them to sell their land and remain tenants.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. The financial system were also affected which led to the collapse of New York stock exchange and bankrupt of many banks reg. It was estimated that by 1932, ½ of the total bank had run bankrupt.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Unemployment, Many Americans were unemployed due to the effects of G.E.D whereby it was estimated that almost 17 mill of people were jobless in America & in New York alone 25 mill were jobless.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The fall process of raw materials. This caused farmers to reduce quantities productivity e.g. wheat and barley so as to create the scarcity of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The decline of industrial period, this led industries to start producing under their capacity fearing over production of manufacturing goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Qns: Why Russia was not affected by G.E.D of 1929 – 1933?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Withdrawing of Russia from WWI of 1914 –1918.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This led Russia to concentrate on production and building her own economy for so long and stopped Russia to spend more in the war likewise but also Russia did not pay for war damage.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Protection policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Russia did not import and export goods from any capitalist nation. It avoided the direct contact with capitalist in trading system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Good leadership of Russia leaders like Lenin, Joseph Stalin.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The policy of these leaders was to build Russia and use resources available effectively and not depending from the capitalist nation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4 No over production of goods for competition with the capitalist. This enabled Russia to produce goods which could be used by only Russians in order to build their own economy and not otherwise.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The Bolshevik revolution of 1917. This brought socialism and useful shearing of production, this led Russia to use production for all people in Russia societies and not for the capitalist.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Russia had no colonial empire. This avoided Russia to have more over production to spend in the colonies as the capitalist produced hence Russia had to produce for the consumption of all people in Russian society which did not learn to over production of manufactured goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE NEW DEAL POLICY</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Refers to the effort/programs taken by President Franklin Defame Roosevelt to rescue/pull the U.S.A out of G.E.D of 1929 – 1933 which began in U.S.A after the collapse of New York stock exchange. Roosevelt who become the president of U.S.A after U.S.A being affected by the G.E.D he made a lot of efforts to rescue the economy of U.S.A out of the G.E.D, he become the President of U.S.A 4.03, 1932 where he promised as “ I pledge myself to the New Deal to American people” this was the first opening speech, Roosevelt was expressing the Americans to be confident with him on solving the problems of G.E.D by being supported by Americans hence he said ‘ The only thing we have to fear it fears itself”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">OR</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Was an attempt to recognize the capitalist system through registration and other measures taken by democratic party led by president Franklin D. Roosevelt. This combined a series of measures, solution and activities which all intended to rescue the economy of U.S.A from the impact of U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">AIMS /OBJECTIVES OF NEW DEAL</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. To prevent economic hardship that had been brought by G.E.D to American people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2.To create employment opportunities to Americans through creating different projects which could give employment to Americans e.g. it was said that 12 out of 15 had no jobs.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. To increase and estimated demand of goods but also aimed to control period in order to avoid inflation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. To reduce and stop poverty which had spread throughout U.S.A because of the effect of G.E.D to Americans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. To provide relief to the victims of the economic hardship of the G.E.D e.g. providing shelter for homeless people, food for starving people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Aimed to bring back confidence of American people like farmers, industrialist, and bankers etc who had lost their home because of the effects of G.E.D.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. To end financial crisis due to the collapse of banks and due to bankrupt of the bank.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. Aimed to stimulate economic activities e.g. Agriculture production, business activities, industrial period etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">MEASURES TAKEN BY ROOSEVELT IN THE NEW DEAL / PROGRAMME</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Federal emergence relief administration (FED).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This measure began to create jobs through construction of air parts, roads, school, play ground as a result it gave work to jobless, actors and agrarians.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Agricultural adjustment act of 12/05/1933.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This measure aimed at raising the prices of agricultural production by limiting over production; this was accompanied by funds by the tax collector and by the government to compensate the farmers in case of price fluctuation faced the farmers the farmers during the depression.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The national industrial recovery act (NIRA).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was passed in 1935 in order to deal with the effects of depression in the new deal. NIRA aimed to enforce law of fair practice for business men and industrialist where it set minimum wage and maximum wage which workers were suppose to be paid but also NIRA sets primary goals to business companies in order to improve the level of quality of goods but also within NIRA workers rights were organized and bargain were recognized.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The public worker administration (PWA).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This measure aimed at initiating of public workers projects e.g. many public workers were buildings which were provided with money from the government in order to run its activities and this public workers project were supposed to pay low interest to the government e.g. There was the building of Tennessee valley authority (T.V.A) in order to control floods and provide electricity in rural areas so as to calm poverty.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The finance restricting /banking relief act.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This measure intended to provide loan for bankers to procedure with banking activities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The labour standard act passed in 1938.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was intended to provide employment to the people but also setting the minimum wage of US dollar cent 25 per hour and maximum working hours is 44 hours per week; but also there should be extra pay for a time exceeding evolving hours but also in this measure children below 16 years were abandon to work in industries rather they were insisted to go to school.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Social security fund of 1937.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This measure intended to provide insurance for aged, jobless, blindness, disabled as well as children in need.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. The civilian conservative cooperation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In this act a lot of program were initiated / launched by the government where by people in America were to be given works in projects like planting trees, building dams etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE NEW DEAL</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The New deal achieved a lot in reviving the U.S.A economy and make her economy stable as collaborated below:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. It curbed / achieved in curbing the spread of depression further in U.S.A. This led to revive the economic situation in America hence it accelerated U.S.A to start being stable economically.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Created new employment opportunities to Americans who had no employment due to great depression e.g. In 1937 more than US dollar 40 billion had been spend in projects which led to provide employment to American people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Created major political changes in America whereby the democratic party become the majority party by replacing the republication party which was in power hence president Franklin D. Roosevelt come into power with his democratic party.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. It succeeded in reorganizing agricultural and industrial sectors which had almost collapsed during G.E.D. This was because after the measure taken in the new deal agriculture and industries started to produce more & more and employ many America for stabilizing the American economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. It succeeded in organizing labor in U.S.A whereby labor become an important force in national affairs e.g. There was the formation of labor union to fight for the rights of workers but also labor was needed in almost all sectors revived after the Great depression for economic stability in America.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. It succeeded in reducing poverty to Americans by providing them with relief such as food, shelter, electricity, and provision of goods, education & health care.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. It succeeded in reviving different economic sectors in U.S.A e.g. public welfare, banking sector, industrial sector, tourist sector and agricultural sector grow up very rapidly and start to operate it again which all these brought back confidence among the people in America such as bank depositors, farmers, industrialist etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CHANGES IN U.S.A AFFAIRS SINCE 1945/EFFECTS OF U.S.A AFTER BECOMING SUPER POWER</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Soon after WWII U.S.A got prosperity / wealth which turned U.S.A as a strongest nation in all aspect of life in the world defending the capitalist nations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. US Economy grow more stable because U.S.A benefited a lot in the WWI and WWII e.g. No war was ever fought in American land, U.S.A joined in WWI and WWII very late and all the time U.S.A was a supplier of war equipment for fighting nation in Europe. This enabled U.S.A to get wealth and started to consolidate Monopoly capital which led the rise of larger Monopoly companies which were invested in U.S.A and other parts of the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. U.S.A consolidated her industries; these enabled U.S.A to get more wealth / for development in America e.g. there were armament industries which produced air jobs, naval ships, military weapons, car manufacturing industries etc, all these enabled U.S.A to consolidate her own economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The rise of income among the working class.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was due to increase of wages which resulted after the trade union struggles on the rights of workers but also the increase of income led to the rise of national market which also accelerated to ability of American people to consume the commodities production in the country hence U.S.A become stable economically.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. There was improvement of infrastructure network.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This led U.S.A to start accessing both internal and external market, getting more labor of due to availability of labor mobility in USA but also the improvement of infrastructures accelerated the communication of people in USA.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. U.S.A was able to extend the Marshall plan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Marshall plan led U.S.A to get more wealth from the debt paid from European nation but also with the Marshall plan U.S.A was able to persuade the Europeans to decolonize her colonies so as U.S.A could get areas for market, cheap labour, raw materials for USA and areas to invest.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. U.S.A established military organization and military bases.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In other parts of the world in order to defend her capitalism or her imperialism with all interest of U.S.A e.g. There was formation of NATO, CENTO, ANZUS, OAS, SEATO, and military bases e.g. Mombasa Somalia in Africa, Pakistan and Kuwait</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. U.S.A started to defend and protect the spread of communism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In Western Europe and other parts of the world that followed capitalism, hence U.S.A appointed as the policeman of the world to fight against communism from affecting capitalist world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. U.S.A abandoned her isolation policy and started to opt the involvement in Western European matter both politically, socially, military and much more economically because Western European countries were under capitalist system being supported by U.S.A.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">9. The emergence of cold war politics.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Between the socialist nation under USSR and the capitalist nation under U.S.A until early 1990’s after the collapse of USSR as a leading socialist nation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JAPAN AND U.S.A AFTER WWII</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before the attack of the pearl Harbor there was the conflict between Japan and U.S.A due to U.S.A support to China which was a traditional enemy of Japan, for this reason Japan declared war against U.S.A which increased tension /enmity due to different ideologies among the imperialist powers however Japan Military troops were supported by Muslim, Hitler and General Francisca Franco of Spain to challenge the ideas of democracy and security of some American closed friends hence U.S.A interred in the WWII following the surprising attack of Japan on a large American Naval base at pear / harbor in Hawaii because Japan was interesting to get rubber, oil and other raw materials from the East Asia especially from Manchuria. This forced U.S.A directly to inter into the WWII against Japan hence it was due to the strong competition between Japanese and U.S.A over the reasons over Asia like rubber, oil metal, markets and the attack of Japan at Pearl Harbor which forced America to inter in the WWII against Japan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After the WWII and the surrender of Japan, U.S.A and Japan entered on a good relationship which was resulted after the post dam conference of 1945 hence U.S.A occupied Japan and took over three main Island of Japan which were Hokkaido, Shikoku and Kyushu. This allowed U.S.A to create a democratic government in Japan under the U.S.A military commander Mac. Arthur.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">HOW THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN U.S.A AND JAPAN IMPLEMENTED</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The relationship of Japan and U.S.A was implemented in all aspects of life economically, socially, military and politically as elaborated below:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(i) Japan was forced to adopt new constitution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This made the King who was the head of state and who had all the powers to be like a figure head or ceremonial leader of the new government / state.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(ii) Introduction of universal suffrage and observation of human rights.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(iii) Japan was not allowed to raise an army and Shinto culture which is a Japanese traditional region established by King based on military expansionism was abolished.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(iv) The education system of Japan was made similar to that of America.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(v) There was a large economic form which was under taken by American government to help Japan. This aimed to make Japan to be strong economically.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(vi) U.S.A offered aid to Japan in order to facilitate the construction of Japanese economy and consolidate Japanese capitalist which accelerated the rapid economy development in Japan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(vii) U.S.A used the advantage of ruling Japan to check the spread of communism in fear east; in so doing U.S.A strengthen Japanese economy as well as a way of using Japan as a base for advancement of U.S.A imperialism in few East like in Taiwan, South Korea, and Vietnam.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE EFFECT OF U.S.A – JAPANESE RELATION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. U.S.A made Japan as one of the leading industrial nation in the world. Through industries and technologies she extended in Japan is a world leading ship building, in the world steel production and is the world leading of produce of electronic goods like cameras, watches, mobile phones etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Japan was made as a base for U.S.A imperialism. This was intending to check the spread of communism in Asia e.g. U.S.A involved Naval base in Japan in 1950’s such as Korean war, this made U.S.A to invest much and put a lot of efforts in Japan in order to check the spread of communism in Eastern Europe but also to defend Japan from communist threat .</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. After the end of the U.S.A rule in Japan in 1970’s; the two nations have remained the big enemies in the modern capitalist technological manufacturing in the world market e.g. Japanese car against U.S.A car.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Japan received U.S.A aid to revive her affected economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. There had many adoption of English vocabularies in Japanese language as well as the western business goods started to use the language of Japan as well as the Japanese goods started to use English vocabulary in order to be sold easier at home and at world market.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Nowadays Japan has remained as the close friend of U.S.A sharing the American culture and goods for the development of the two nations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Japan was put under the U.S.A domination / rule until the end of U.S.A rule in Japan in 1970’</span></div>
</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-92165897876694927342017-11-16T11:50:00.000-08:002017-11-16T11:50:03.034-08:00THREATS TO WORLD PEACE AFTER WWII<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">TOPIC 7: THREATS TO WORLD PEACE AFTER WWII</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
THE COLD WAR</div>
</span><div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">This was the part of mounting (results) of political and ideological tension between the communist with socialist ideology led by the former USSR and the western block with capitalism ideology led by U.S.A.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The cold war started after the former USSR became the most powerful nation leading the socialist nations in the world while U.S.A became the most powerful nation economically, politically and militarily leading the capitalist nation in the world especially after WWII of 1945.</div>
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Factors for the rise of cold war/Causes</div>
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1. Ideological differences between the eastern block with socialist ideology and western block with capitalist ideology; hence the two ideologies existed in the world history since Russian revolution up to early of 1990’s led to the existence of the cold war between the eastern block following socialism under the former USSR and the western block following capitalism under U.S.A.</div>
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2. Russia motives of grabbing and occupying territories due to the expansionism policy of Russia. Russia intended and aimed at annexing and occupying territories in eastern Europe during and after WWII e.g. after the Germany forces were driven out by Russia then the western block interpreted that was the plan to spread communism, hence Russia was resisted to get more areas in eastern Europe and by 1945 when Russia controlled eastern German, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria to the president of USA by then Winston Churchill 1946 called Russia as “Iron curtain across </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Europe” meaning communist barriers in Europe, this increased enmity between Russia and U.S.A.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. The colonial powers like Britain and France were hungered by the eastern block with the ideology of socialism in support of communist liberation movement. This led to the increase of enmity between eastern block and western block with capitalism ideology hence the outbreak of the cold war because all the colonial powers were under the capitalist ideology led by U.S.A, due to the fact that the aim of capitalism and imperialism are the same like segregation, humiliation, oppression, exploitation etc. while the eastern block wanted to end colonialism and capitalism with their evils in their colonial areas of Africa and Asia.</span></div>
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4. Existence of Neo–colonialism with its motives in the newly independent nations in Africa, Asia and Latin America led by U.S.A with her ideology of “The Truman doctrine and the marshal plan of 1947”; where by the Americans under Truman doctrine would give aids and grants to any country in Europe with war under communism threat and the post of marshal plan of 1947 whereby the American wanted colonies to be free for U.S.A to exploit, to get labor, raw materials, areas for investment for the development of America, all these increased enmity between the eastern block and western block hence the cold war.</div>
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5. The formation of the military alliances which were NATO in 1948 for the west and the war saw pact in 1950s for the east. This military alliances formed the increase of enmity and conflicts between the socialist nations with the ideology of socialism against that with the ideology of capitalism, because the formation of these alliances like NATO by the west in 1949 was to prevent the communist expansionism, this angered Russia which in reaction against the capitalist formed war saw Pact in 1955 increased conflicts hence cold war.</div>
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6. The secret manufacturing and development of dangerous weapons like atomic bombs, air jets, tents etc. by the western blocks such as U.S.A and Britain; raised suspicious in the eastern block led by the former USSR because the eastern block under USSR fail to know the motives of U.S.A and Britain hence in reply in 1948 USSR shocked the west by dipping an atomic bombs leading to more tension, In 1960 USSR was the first nation to send her Aeroplane to the moon known as Apollo and reply U.S.A did the same in 1970s.</div>
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7. The involvement of U.S.A in affairs on matters of Europe; this hungered Russia with its expansionism policy aiming at spreading communism in the world, U.S.A involved in the European matters e.g. turkey and Greece which was not accepted by Russia which saw it as the undermining her power and influence in the east. There after Russia interfered into those state contrary to UNO’s charter which against a nation to interfere internal matters of another state which led to the increase of conflict between eastern block and western block</div>
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Manifestation of the cold war</div>
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The following are the areas where the cold war was very much existed;</div>
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i. Through the creation of military alliances which were NATO in 1949 against war saw pact in 1950s.</div>
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ii.In the Cuban missiles crisis of October 1962; whereby the west led by U.S.A forced Russia to withdraw her army and weapons for Cuba</div>
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iii.The Truman doctrine of 1947; whereby the president of U.S.A declared that it is a duty of U.S.A to prevent the spread of communism everywhere in the world, so as capitalism to win by spreading different parts of the world thus why the Truman would offer aid to any nation which was under the treaty.</div>
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iv. The Berlin airlift of 1949; whereby for eleven months USSR blocked all the roads, railways and canal traffic from the west Germany capitalist forcing them to feed their people in west Berlin by air, this was due to the post dam arrangement in which the eastern Berlin was given to Russia and the western Berlin was given capitalist.</div>
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v. The Greece and turkey incident in 1947, This was due to the community who wanted to overthrow the Greece and turkey government followed by capitalist ideology and which was under the British colonies because British was weak military and economically to compete with Russia, she appealed to U.S.A to intervene, U.S.A intervened in crushing the communist elements.</div>
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vi. The marshal plan policy of 1947; whereby U.S.A in this policy of the marshal plan wanted colonies to be free for U.S.A to invest, exploit, get labor, market and raw materials. But also U.S.A wanted the capitalist western block to unite against the creation of COMENCON (Council of Mutual assistance in eastern Europe led by Russia).</div>
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vii. The post dam conference of 1945; the western powers were willing to sharethe administration of their zones and sections, however there was the creation of eastern German under Russia and the creation of Taiwan of 1949 under the strong American support following the communist Chinese revolution in 1948, Taiwan was recognized as an independent nation by America while china claimed to be part of his nation.</div>
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Causes/reasons/factors for the collapse of the cold war</div>
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1. Imperialist maneuvers/tricks.</div>
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This led to the collapse of the cold war because the capitalists used a lot of mechanism and efforts to make sure that could war should not exist in the world hence the cold war collapsed, capitalists helped to come into power the reformist leaders in Russia like Mikhail Gorbachev with his policy of perestroika and glasnost and there after president Born Yeltsin whose his policies supported </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">capitalism and ceased the cold war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. The big power were not interested in any more conflicts after the great war in the cold war (WWI &WWII) which lead to the threat of the world peace and security. Therefore those big powers wanted the lasting peace, security and mutual co existence, hence a need to end the cold war e.g. they held the high level talks between U.S.A and USSR about the end of the cold war; this talks involved the president (Khrusher) of Russia and eisen hower (U.S.A) in 1959 and 1969 and later between Khrusher and president John Kennedy of U.S.A. likewise there was establishment of Washington to Moscow hotlines in 1963 as a direct communication link to prevent cold war resulting from misunderstandings and in 1963 USSR, U.S.A and Britain signed a test ban treaty in Moscow aiming at disarmament and arms control, all these aimed to end the cold war.</span></div>
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3. Promotion of cooperation between the opposite camps i.e. eastern and western through signing of agreement e.g. in 1963 the soviet – American and Anglo –American agreement e.g. 1963 were signed to foster (strengthen) cooperation between the opposite camps to end the cold war.</div>
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4. Formation of NAM by the newly independent nations in 1961 which did not want to be involved in the cold war, hence NAM came with the formation of south commission as an attempt to prevent the cold war and neo –colonialism; hence NAM managed to convince the leaders of the super powers to hold different summit talk in order to prevent the arm race with conflicting in the third world countries, this led to the collapse of the cold war.</div>
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5. The collapse of USSR and the eastern block with their ideology of socialism; due to lack of enough economic competition led to end of rivalry and cold war because after the fall of USSR, U.S.A was left alone as the super power in the world which is now existing as a unipolar world trying to do whatever suits her interests; as the former president of U.S.A George W. Bush said “the new world order” which means U.S.A is the police of the world with preemptive treaty (policy) which means attack any nation before being attacked.</div>
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6. The efforts taken by UN to end the cold war; was another reason for the collapse of the cold war because; UN made endless talks for ending of enemies/hostilities between the western camp and the eastern camp, this led to the end of the cold war.</div>
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7. Realization on the part of U.S.A and USSR which were the super powers of the world in those days; this realized that there was a big short fall in food production caused by over concentration on arm race, space exploitation LDC tend to involve in civil wars due to arm races from the super power to these LDC but also the testing ground of weapons are in the third world hence they need to end the cold war.</div>
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Effects of the cold war</div>
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The effects of the cold war were mostly serious in the LDC as elaborated below;</div>
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1. The cold war divided the world into two camps; which were the eastern block with socialist ideology and western block with capitalist ideology. But this was more serious in the LDC because these LDC defended on big powers for their development hence the LDC were supposed to follow whatever the super power wanted for their development.</div>
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2. The cold war led to interstate wars and civil wars especially in the LDC because different nations were supported by either western block or eastern block, but also different groups in the same nation that opposed to each other were also supported separately by the two different camps of either western or eastern block e.g. in Angola, Mozambique, Afghanistan and in interstate wars are northern Korea against southern Korea in 1950s, Vietnam against U.S.A war 1980s.</div>
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3. The cold war led to military coup d’état in many countries of the world; especially in the LDC because different countries were sponsored by rival blocks eastern or western against the government which was on power and accelerate the rise of dictators who could support them in power. E.g. in 1972 in Uganda, Milton Obote was overthrown by Amin dada, in Ghana 1966; Nkrumah was </div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">overthrown by capitalist labels, in Ethiopia mangtsu was overthrown by the capitalist labels.</span></div>
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4. The cold war led to establishment of military bases in different countries in the world; this was because U.S.A with western block established military bases in the LDC in spread of communism in the name of the terrorism e.g. U.S.A bases in Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Kuwaiti Somalia as USSR did in Cuba to protect her interest in the eastern camp.</div>
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5. The cold war led to the influence of Russia to support liberation movement in colonial areas especially in Africa for self rule in order the colonized people to defeat and get out of colonialism which had the same aim of capitalism due to evils of colonialism and capitalism in the colonies e.g. exploitation, humiliation, oppression and segregation. E.g. the movements supported by Russia were MPLA in Angola, FRELIMO in Mozambique and PAIGC in Guinea Bissau.</div>
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6. The cold war led to transfer of military technology and arm factory from developed countries/super powers to the LDC; in order to strengthen their military power and be able to defend themselves with different ideology and protect their nations against their enemies e.g. in south Africa during the apartheid policy.</div>
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7. The cold war was an obstacle to pan –Africanism and formation of OAU; since the cold war had divided the African states into two camps the following different ideologies e.g. the Casablanca(socialist) and the Monrovia were the capitalist, hence these two blocks disagreed in many issues except on one thing which was opposing the apartheid policy in south Africa.</div>
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8. The cold war led many third world countries to benefit from the cold war situation because the two blocks were willing to offer as much aids as possible in order to maintain their friendship and presence/existence in LDC e.g. the liberation movement in Zaire, Angola and Cuba in socialist, in capitalist in Kenya, Afghanistan etc.</div>
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9. The cold war strengthened and prolonged the existence of apartheid policy in south Africa; since the western camp strongly needed friendship with economically strategic of south African Boers regime like president De – Clark and president Botter.</div>
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10.The cold war prolonged the Israel –Arabs conflict because of the supports both military and economically from the eastern camp and western camps; whereby the western provided economic aids and armies to Israel and the eastern camps provided armies to Arabs.</div>
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THE END OF COLD WAR</div>
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The chief cause of the end of the cold war was the collapse of communism in society union and Eastern Europe. Under the president Mikhail Gorbacher who cause to power in the mind of 1980’s USSR started to restrictive her international and Foreign policies.</div>
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This eventually led to the disintegration of USSR and eventually the end of cold war.</div>
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All in all the cause for the end of cold war can be summarized into two factors:-</div>
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i. The reign of Mikhail Gorbacher who restricted society’s foreign policies.</div>
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ii.The influence of USA</div>
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iii.Economic difficulties in USSR during the sign of Gobacher.</div>
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Conclusion</div>
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In December 1989 -1990 Gorbacher and George H.W Bush declared the cold war officially over at a summit meeting in Malta.</div>
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CONSEQUENCES OF THE END OF COLD WAR</div>
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1. They marked the end of the broadly bipolar structure based on us. Society rivalry which the international system has assumed since the late 1940’s. 2. The Former communist states experience serious problems of transition ranging from economic collapse. Which affected them all e.g. in society union because Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia the disintegration of state itself was experienced. 3. It resulted to the new or modified roles for international organization, for instance it ended the automatic split in the united nation (UN) Security Council along cold war lines. This related for the UN to work as a collective body 4. The end of cold war had an impact on various multilateral treaty organizations. The war saw pact was disband led, while the north Atlantic treaty organization (NATO) struggled to reconceive itself it being redefined. Itself it being redefined.</div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-55483930950339257892017-11-16T11:40:00.000-08:002017-11-16T11:40:11.143-08:00THE RISE OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TOPIC 1: THE RISE OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO AGRARIAN REVOLUTION.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Feudalism is a term delivered from the latin word “feudum” meaning fief or an estate of land held on behalf of a lord and in return the holder of the land offered military service and other services to the lord.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Thus, a feudal society is the one in which the basic social and political structure are determined by a practice of fief holding. In other words, feudalism is based on holding of land for renting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A feudal mode of production, therefore, was based on lord’s ownership of the land as well as incomplete or partial ownership of the peasants and serfs living on the land. The dependent serfs farmed and ran small economies on the land belonging to the feudal lords. Moreover, the relationship between the land lord and his tenants (serfs) was not only an economic one but also social one. The tenant was a vassal of the lord, that is her or she was bound to the lord by special oath of loyalty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The basic features of feudalism</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibrNWgdyOzGIN8ltYHr3W39z6u_ZVk3ege5HybxJWHkr28wp1_QrQRZV-0lDqpcvYu3ds3VLyTcHRufzM5uoDnNfyJDKayvhJWxttT3ZYY7mPTDyC5u-idur4qIPSrPLIVkCfzb8DwpiI/s1600/History-books.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="450" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibrNWgdyOzGIN8ltYHr3W39z6u_ZVk3ege5HybxJWHkr28wp1_QrQRZV-0lDqpcvYu3ds3VLyTcHRufzM5uoDnNfyJDKayvhJWxttT3ZYY7mPTDyC5u-idur4qIPSrPLIVkCfzb8DwpiI/s320/History-books.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. There was bounded relationship between the lords and tenants. The lord normally exercised right of jurisdiction in the land which he held as a fief. The landlord was a governor of the fief.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. There was antagonistic classes of lords and the serfs. The function was mainly due to exploitative tendencies of the lords. The lords exploited the serfs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii. Under feudalism the two dominant classes were feudal lords and tenants. Tenants were attached to the soils for the production of substance as well as surplus. The surplus was consumed mainly by the landlords.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv. Production was for subsistence i.e. serfs producers mainly for food and less for exchange.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v. Feudalism in Europe went hand with the building of armies. The armies and other willing class –kings and nobles supported themselves from the produce of their estates. Serfs were the producer in the lords or willing class estates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">vi. In feudalism the feudal activities were basically agrarian (for food production) although few industries existed, many people were attached to the soil, that is cultivating the soil to earn a living.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN BRITIAN.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Agrarian revolution refers to the rapid changes which occurred in agriculture sector. The changes were accompanied by the application of science and technology. In Britain, agriculture revolution happened between the 16th Century and 18th Century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Before the agrarian revolution in Britain, agricultural production was very low. The low productions of agricultural produce were party caused by the land tenure. Land was divided, owned and worked by serfs or peasants. Most of the land was also left fallow ie the large part of the land was not under farming. In addition to low production in agricultural the majority of population in pre-agranal revolution. britian engaged themselves in agriculture. It is estimated that eight percent of Britian’s population were working on the land. Generally, there was low production in agricultural sector before the agrarian revolution. However, there was an increment in agricultural production because changes which constituted agranian revolution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is the drastic change in agricultural production through better technique, methods and land tenure. It started in 1450 -1750 but reached maturity in 1801. Agranian revolution started in Netherland-Holland and later English.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Causes of Agrarian revolution</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The changes in agricultural production were caused mainly by two factors:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. The first cause was the rapid increase of population. The large population necessitated the changes in the methods on producing crops and animals so as to cope with the high demand of force from the populate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The population of Europe as a world and Britian in particular was steadily increasing between 15thand 18th centuries, For example the population of Europe rose from sixty –nine million people to 188million people between 15th and 18th centuries. This increase of population mainly happened in the cities and towns.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. The second factor was high demand of wool. The high demand of wool led to sheep commercial farming. The commercial sheep farming in the 16th century due to the demand of wool clothes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Changes that took place during Agrarian revolution</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The agrarian revolution in Britian entailed the following changes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Crop rotation. Unlike the pre-agranian revolution times, farmers of 16 th and 18 th centuries Britian started to practice crop rotation. They rotated cereal crops with legumes and fodder crops. Legumes crop-peas, beans and clovers-restored nitrogen in the soil. Nitrogen makes soil fertile. One example of farmer who in 1730 grew fodder crops in rotation with other crops was lord Town shed. The second change was the introduction of new crops in Britian crops such as maize, sweat potatoes and fodder crops were introduced in England from the Americans. The introduction fodder crops led to the constant supply of meat throughout the year because the presence of fodder crops made it possible to make bay for use during writer. This was sharp departure from the pre-agrarian revolution error when all the cattle and other animals were slaughetered during writer for lack of feed. The use of improved farm instrument. Examples of instruments which were used included iron plough and Jethro Tull’s seed drill. Extensive use of time to neutralize soil acidity. In addition to liming, farmers applied fertilizers in their farms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Land reclamation. In order to get more arable land big farmers embarked on draining swam ply land, for example: King Charles I of England financed a Dutch expert- Cornelius Vermigden-to drain Yorkshire and Cambridge shire. Irrigation also practiced during the agricultural revolution. Another aspect of the agrarian revolution was the improvement in animal breeding. Better horses, cattle and sheep were raised. It was during the agrarian revolution that farmerskept animals for multipurpose. For example, a farmer in Leicester called Bake well produced a large quantities of beef and mutton to feed millions of people. The agrarian revolution involved the evection of serfs and peasants from the land for pasture i.e. Enclosure of the land.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">HOW AGRARIAN REVOLUTION LED TO THE CAPITALISM IN EUROPE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The agrarian revolution had a number of contributions to the rise capitalism in Europe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Increase of supply of food to the growing population in cities including workers in the factories. The agrarian revolution especially the enclosing of land released to the growing workers in the The agrarian revolution especially the enclosing of land released or supplied cheap labours to industries. Many serfs and peasants who were evicted from the land for commercial sheep farming (enclosure) were employed in factories in towns and cities. The agricultural changes also provided market to the industrial manufactured items. In other words, agricultural entrepreneur bought industrial goods needed in agricultural sector. The change in agriculture supplied raw material needed in industries. One important raw material the agrarian revolution provided to textile industries was wool. Farmers kept sheep commercially for selling wool-wool come from sheep-to industries. In industries the farmers accumulated capital which they invested in industries and trade. The agricultural revolution also marked the end of small scale or peasant production. The peasant production was replaced by the capitalist farmers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ENCLOSURE SYSTEM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This means consolidation of scattered enable land and common land into a simple compact area of land that is fenced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">DIFFERENT PROCESS OF ENCLOUSURE SYSTEM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I. Enclosure of common land. This was the enclosure of waste land, the process of enclosure of waste land and common land was carried out in 16th and 17th centuries. Sometimes it was an agreement between villages.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">II. Enclosure of landlords between 1475 –1570. This was the period when there was an increase of wool demand due to the expansion of wool.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">III. Enclosure of land into strips. This was done by purchasing land from the farmers or owners.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Impacts of the introduction of the Enclosure System in Britain</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Freeing of labours from land. Labours were free to sell their labour under their own discretions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. Migration of people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii. Peasants were deprived of the right to own land (common land)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv. Labours were turned to commodities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v. Rise of unemployment due to emergence of landless people</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">vi. Made capitalist to own both rural and urban economy (industries and agriculture)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">vii. Led to the rise of proletariats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">RISE OF MERCHANTILISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MERCHANTILISM</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It refers to large scale trade or commercial trade conducted through overseas.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mercantilism: Is the first stage of capitalism that appeared during 15th C where by trade and commerce was conducted by European countries with the continent of Africa, Asia and America through overseas trade and also silver (precious metal) were used as the coin. Is the period during which feudalism collapsed (demised) as the result of long distance trade conducted between Western Europe countries and other continents in the 15th C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OR</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Is the first stage of capitalism where by its economic system was based on trade and commerce conducted through over seas trade during 15th C-18th C and during this trade a country attracted itself to the use of precious metals (gold and silver) in European transaction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE MAIN FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF MERCHANTILISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. National Unification</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Is the unifying of small states to form one strong state for expansion of internal market, removal of trade barriers and the use of raw materials and other sources available in the same nation. Therefore during the period of merchantilism many European countries were undergoing national unification so as to become one strong state and be in position to compete with other nations. E.g. England,Wales and Scotland joined to form United Kingdom (Great Britain).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Bullionism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During this period there was adaptation and application of gold and silver as the medium of exchange because gold and silver were used as coins in European transaction; hence European merchants struggled more and more to get gold and silver from different parts of the world like Zimbabwe, Ghana.etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Protectionism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During merchantilism European countries protected trade where by each country protected her internal market and natural resources available in a country. This was done in order to protect the interest of trade by not allowing other European countries to compete with them. E.g. United Kingdom protected internal market by acting navigation acts and impose trade barriers such as custom duties and tariff.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. National rivalry and militarism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During the period, merchantilism in many European countries intensified their enemity among themselves which brought constant military confrontation. E.g. Britain fought many wars with French, Spain with Portugal for economic interests. Example Britain decided to undergo navy forces during the rule of Tudor monarchy in order to piracy the wealth of other European merchants for development of capitalism in Britain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Colonialism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During this period many European countries began to look for other economic interests in other countries in different parts of the world. The Aim was to colonize countries for economic interests such as raw materials, labour, market and areas for investments. Example The Dutch at the cape of South Africa 1652 where they wanted to control and unite South Africa, Spanish and Portugal wanted to control Australia and Canada.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Banking sector/financial institutions</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These financial institutions provided loans and credit to the European merchants in order to continue conducting overseas trade and development of science and technology especially marine technology, ship building, compass direction, compass bearing, etc. These institutions were Barclays bank and house of Lloyd s.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FACTORS/FORCES/CAUSES OF THE RISE OF MERCHANTALISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There were various factors that led to the rise of merchantalism they are as follows;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Internal trade (inter trade and craft). The Development of guilds and craftsmen during the period of collapse of European feudalism led to the rise of merchantalism because commodities produced by craftsmen and people who were involved in guilds which accelerated the internal trade example ornaments, plates, mirrors, were later on exported to other parts of the world particularly in Africa, hence the rise of mercantilism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Periodic exhibition among European nations. This promoted the existence of overseas trade among European countries, Africa, Asia and America because the new commodities which were exhibited and new technology acted as the acceleration of merchantilism because merchants and other people of different parts of the world were interested to use the commodities that were exhibited.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. The development of marine technology with compass direction and compass bearing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During the 15th century, Europe witnessed rapid changes in scientific curiosity and inquiry. That was a century in which the scientific revolution took firm roots. Meanwhile marine technology among the European nations enabled the merchants to sail even deep sea. The nations and merchants also constructed large ships which could carry bulky materials such as cotton, tobacco and minerals. Merchants benefited greatly from the marine technology as they could sail to various parts of the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Development of financial institutions and insurance company. These provided loans; credit and services to European merchants in order to continue involving in trading activities; so the role played by these institutions accumulated more wealth which they used on investment of economic sector hence the rise of merchantalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. The Rise of strong states and political revolution; this provided security among merchants. Example; British after the revolution which removed King Charles I & II from power gave rise of Tudor monarchy. Example The rise of King Henry the navigator facilitated the rise of merchantalism like loans and credit and in France after king Louis was removed from power, French managed to get involved in merchant trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. The role played by enclosure system; This was brought by agrarian revolution, it played a great and important role towards the development of merchantalism because the large scale plantations were established and increase an output of agricultural industrial raw materials like wool, wheat flour, and these agricultural raw materials increased manufactured goods in industries which were needed by European merchants for their own use.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Geographical discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus on 24.10, 1492; led to establishment of plantation and mines in America, Canada, Peru, Colombia, etc.So the establishment of these needed slave labour from Africa after the failure of the red Indians and expressiveness of European criminals and prisoners, hence this led to the establishment of merchantalism because Europeans were in need of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Profitability of unequal exchange; during this period European got more wealth by using illegal ways like piracy, kidnapping etc. but also they used to sell in Africa commodities of low value and things which were unsellable in Europe, things such as mirror, while they obtained things of high value from African continent like Ivory. So this led to the rise and development of merchantalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">9. Crusade war; this was a religious war between European (Christians) vs. Arabs (Muslims) in the Middle East near Turkey to control trade and capture the whole city. This made the way to become insecure for European traders but also Arabs controlled the trade routes whereby they increased tariffs to European traders. This forced Europeans to the alternative way to reach India (Asia) and Africa for conducting trade. Hence development and the rise of merchantilism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">IMPACTS OF MERCHANTALISM IN EUROPE AND AFRICA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Western Europe and Africa had a relationship which ensured the transfer of wealth from Africa to Europe. According to W.Rodney on his book “How Europe under-developed Africa” 1972 argued that; over that period Africa helped to develop Western Europe and at the same time Europe under-developed Africa. Trade helped Europe to get numerous developments also the North America benefited from this merchantalism while Africa did not benefit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">IMPACTS OF MERCHANTALISM IN EUROPE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Gold and silver accumulated during this period played a very important role in expanding capitalist capital in the economy of Western Europe because it was gold and silver that determined the value of capitalist to develop in terms of money.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. These trades speed up the European technological development. Example the Trade helped the Europeans in the development of ship building from the 15 th C-19 th C where by sea going vessels of different sizes were designed for slave trade and carrying raw materials from America to Europe and later carry commodities to other parts of the world where markets were available.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Merchantalism led to the rise of Sea ports town like Liverpool, Bristol, etc. in these sea ports towns there was a development of manufacturing centers like Ian Cashing which depended on the growth of the port of river.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Speed up the development of industrial sector; industries such as textile industries, flour milling, ship industry etc. With development of industries in Europe, it helped European countries to develop as far as capitalism was concerned.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. The Capital derived from merchantalism helped to a great deal to strengthen transitional links within Western European economy. Example sugar from Caribbean islands was exported from England to France and other parts of the European continent.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Merchantalism continued to be source for capital accumulation by European merchants whereby the capital was to be invested in investments such as banks, industries, transport and communication for European development hence capital accumulation was possible due to much exploitation of African resources during merchantalism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">IMPACTS OF MERCHANTALISM IN AFRICA Africa at large extent was in a negative during this oversea trade because the trade made Africa to be underdeveloped and stagnant all the time, hence the following are the impacts:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Merchantalism led to the rise and fall of some African states. These states grew strong during Trans- Saharan trade like Songhai, Mali, Ghana, Benin but they collapsed because its wealth was destroyed after the establishment of triangular slave trade, but some other states grew strongly after the establishment of merchantalism because its wealth depended on this trade. Example; Dahomey state.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Merchantalism led to the rise of state of fear and insecurity among Africans especially in West Africa This was because during merchantalism African leaders were helping the European merchants to capture their fellow Africans and sell to the Europeans, these people were taken as slaves and shipped to the mines and plantations in America. Also the introduction of guns brought political instability among Africans who were fighting among themselves for European interests.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Merchantilism led the destruction of African trade which was established among Africans for their own interests by merchantilism. Example, Long Distance Trade conducted from one region to another region, Trans-Saharan trade which was conducted between West Africa and North Africa. This was due to European merchants who changed the outlook of the trade from not benefiting Africans to benefiting Europeans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Merchantalism led to introduction of unequal exchange which was unequal trade whereby during the trade between Africa and European merchants; Europeans benefited due to the value of commodities and raw materials taken from Africa like rhinoceros horns, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, slaves while in exchange Europeans brought to Africa things which were used and could not be sold in Europe. Things such as daggers, empty bottles, ornament, cigarettes, Portuguese wine.etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Merchantalism led to stagnation of African science and technology especially African local industries and productive forces but also the action of taking Africans as slaves killed science and technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Merchantalism led to the decline of African agricultural production because in most cases Africans were in state of fear and insecurity and political instability, hence they could not settle together to involve in agricultural production, in Africa led to famine and hunger.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Merchantalism led to introduction of slave trade which led to depopulation of African continent because many African young men and energetic were taken as a slaves to offer their labour power in mines and plantations in America.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Merchantalism led to the destruction of African culture because during this period Europeans introduced their culture like eating style, dancing style, marriage etc. which all of them meant to kill African culture because Africans ignored their own culture and started to follow European culture.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CONTRIBUTION OF MERCHANTALISM TO THE RISE OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Merchantalism led to the accumulation of capital among Europeans. This led to investment and re-investment in economic sectors like banks, industry, transport and communication hence the capital obtained in merchantalism Led to the rise of industrial capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Merchantalism led to the development of financial institutions and insurance companies. These institutions facilitated the development of capitalism especially industrial capitalism because they provided loans, credit and services to the Europeans merchants to continue involved in overseas trade, hence development of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Merchantalism led to the development of towns, cities, and sea port towns notably Manchester, Leads, Liverpool, Lisbon, Paris, etc. because in these towns there was development of trade and manufacturing center which developed to industrial cities which attracted many of European population to live in those towns and a lot of town requirement were available in those towns. Example water, electricity, good houses.etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Merchantalism led to advancement and development of science and technology. Example the sea going science and technology like ship building, compass bearing, compass direction, etc. This was because during merchantalism, ships of different size were designed specifically for carrying slaves from Africa to America and used for carrying raw materials from America to Europe and later commodities were taken from Europe to other parts of the world especially Africa where market was available.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Merchantalism led to availability of cheap labour in European plantation, mine, and industries. African slaves were taken in a large quantity during this period to America to offer their labor power in plantations established in Canada, USA, etc. but others offered their labor power in European mines established in Peru, Colombia all these led to the development and growth of industries in Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Merchantalism led to availability of raw materials which were needed to develop European countries because these raw materials which were produced in the new world like cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, sisal etc. was transported to Europe to be manufactured as commodities and later these commodities were sold in other parts of the world especially in Africa for European development.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Merchantalism led to availability of markets both internal and external market for absorbing European industrial goods. During merchantalism European goods were sold in Europe and Africa where markets were available for economic interests of European merchants. Example: European goods which were not purchased in Europe got markets in Africa and Latin America for development of capitalism in Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Merchantalism led to Agrarian revolution during the 16 th C where by European merchants started to invest in agricultural sector by using wealth obtained during this oversea trade, especially unequal exchange. The European traders got a lot of wealth by using unequal exchange and started to invest in agricultural sector for more production of raw materials like wheat for making breads and wool for making woolen clothes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">9. Merchantalism led to the emergence of strong military states in order to defend and protect the wealth of nations, merchants and their boundaries e.g. UK during the Tudor monarchy especially the rule of King Henry VIII led Britain to undergo navy forces in order to increase the wealth of Britain after piracy and killing other European merchants who passed near Britain boundary.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">10. Merchantalism led to the rise of European nationalism; where by small European nations united together to increase and expand the market for their nations, removed trade barriers among the nations joint, protected merchants and used the resources available among the small nations unified. E.g. UK (Wales, England, Scotland) to form United Kingdom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CONDITIONS WHICH FORCED MERCHANTS TO CAPTURE SLAVES FROM AFRICA TO AMERICA AND CARRIBEANS</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Merchantalism</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This was an economic system which involved in conducting trade overseas searching for gold and silver. Merchantalism led to the rise of Trans-Atlantic slave trade which was a trading activity which involved Africa, America and Europe. During this trade millions of Africans were shipped to America to provide cheap labour in mines and plantations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Booming capitalist agriculture.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During merchantalism European capitalist established different plantations of coffee, tea, sugar cane, cotton and tobacco which called for massive supply of cheap labours, thus the supply of white labour was getting difficult compared to the expanding needs of the plantations, therefore this called for importation of slaves from Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Industrial revolution in Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Due to the industrial revolution, there was need to expand home markets thus the merchants and the ruling class in Europe were afraid of under population, this prompted the campaign against the use of white labourers. The crisis called for massive importation of slaves from Africa to provide cheap labour in mines and plantations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Africans slaves were cheap.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It’s on record that money paid on white labour for ten years could procure on African slaves for life. In addition a white worker was expected to acquire land at the end of the contract while on African slaves was prevented by law from owning land. These conditions necessitated the use of African origin in the new world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Discovery of maritime technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This acted as a pushing factor for Africans to be taken as slaves. Maritime technology eased transportation and guided the merchants to locate Africa. Thus be in position to transport people of African origin to the new world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Inability of the indigenous people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Initially the Europeans were using Native Americans, Red Indians to provide cheap labour power on the plantations and mining centers but later the red Indians died in huge numbers due to plague. This called for importation of African slaves which contributed to the existence of people of African origin in the new world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Discovery of the new world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus in 1492 contributed to the existence of people of African origin in the new world. The discovery led to the establishment of plantations and mining centers that demanded for cheap labours which called for importation of African slaves.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE ABOLITION OF THE TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Trans Atlantic slave trade refers to that type of trade that involve three continents America, Africa and Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In this trading system, Africa was the source of cheap labour in the form of slaves, America was the source of raw materials and Europe was the source of manufactured goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The main participants were Britain, France, Holland and Portugal. The British were the ones who benefited so much from this trade since the 17 th C, took the lead in the abolition of slave trade in the first half of the 19 th C. the British took various steps to abolish slave trade consequently in 1807, Britain passed a bill making slave trade illegal in all her colonies and in 1833; a law was passed that called for the emancipation of all slaves in the British empire.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are various forces that compelled the British to abolish the Trans Atlantic slave trade. These factors included the following;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A Economic reasons</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These were the main factors that forced the British to abolish the Trans Atlantic slave trade, they included;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1) Capitalist production</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Capitalist production involves two classes of societies, which are the capitalists who control the major means of production and the workers who are employed by the capitalists. For the workers to be effectively employed, they must be free and not slaves.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2) Need for markets</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Due to the industrial revolution, there was increased production of industrial products in Europe that lacked enough demand; this forced the British to abolish slave trade so that markets can be created in Africa for their manufactured goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3) Need for raw materials</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Due to the industrial revolution, there was increased demand for raw materials in Britain. The existing raw materials were limited to supply due to the mushrooming of industries. This situation necessitated the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade so that Africans can produce the needed raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4) The use of machines</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution was characterized by the use of machines in the production process, these machines replaced human labour. The owners of the machines campaigned for the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade because slave labour had become redundant.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5) French and British competition over sugar production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For so long period, the British had a monopoly on sugar in the European market. The sugar was produced by slave labour in the British West Indies. The British was selling their sugar at very high prices thus making huge profits. However by the end of the 18 th C, the French West Indies and re union islands were producing sugar in large quantities and selling at a cheaper price thus making more profits than the British. This situation made slave labour in British West Indies useless thus forcing the British to abolish the Trans Atlantic slave trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SOCIAL REASONS THAT LED TO THE ABOLITION OF TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">B Religious reasons</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The religious bodies contributed to the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade in Africa. They argued that slave trade was against the will of God because he had created all people equal but slave trade was treating Africans as an inferior class. The Christians denounced slave trade in the name of God and argued that it must be abolished.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">C French revolution of 1789</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The French revolution of 1789 had a role to play in the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade. The slogan of the revolution was fraternity, liberty and equality. Philosophers such as Rousseau campaigned for the abolition of slave trade. These philosophers claimed that slave trade was against the ideals of the French revolution thus it had to be stopped.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">D Humanitarian movements</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The humanitarians such as Granville sharp and Thomas Clarkson played a certain role in the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade. These people argued that slave trade had caused a lot of suffering to the people thus it had to be abolished. These efforts were followed by British declarations of 1807 and 1833 which abolished slave trade and slavery.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Effects of the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a Foundation of sierra Leone and Liberia.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These areas were established by the Europeans powers as settlements for the freed slaves. They received freed slaves from America. It should be noted that the Trans Atlantic slave trade uprooted millions of Africans who were supposed to offer labour in America.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b Introduction of legitimate trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was introduction of legitimate trade that involved the buying and selling of natural resources, Example palm oil and cocoa. The colonial powers introduced legitimate trade so that it can facilitate the acquisition of raw materials and markets which were crucial in Europe after the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c Exploitation of hinterland.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Before the abolition of the Trans Atlantic slave trade, the colonial powers operated along the coast of West Africa searching for slaves, but after the abolition of slave trade they penetrated the interior searching for raw materials and market where they can sell their manufactured goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d Increased spread of Christianity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The European powers increased the spread of Christianity after the abolition of slave trade. Christianity was a way of compensating for the ills committed by slave trade. This religion was also spread to counter the spread of Islam in West Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e Increased provision of social services.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers increased the provision of social services especially education. The main aim of colonial education was to train Africans to become better producers of raw materials that were needed in Europe. Colonial education was also supposed to change the mentality of Africans to prefer European goods thus created a ready market for them.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f Improvement of the agricultural sector.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers improved the agricultural sector by introducing better methods of farming to increase the production of raw materials. It should be noted that the colonialists discouraged the production of food crops in Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g Linguistic studies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers studied native languages so that they can be able to translate the Bible into local languages. This move was to convert many Africans to Christianity. The languages that were studied by the imperialist were Hausa and Fulani.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TRANSITION FROM COTTAGE SYSTEM TO FACTORY SYSTEM</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CAPITALISM Refers to the class mode of production consisting of the capitalists who own the major means of production and the workers or proletarians that are deprived of the means of production in order to get profit. Feudalism did not collapse at once; the decline was a gradual process which was caused by various factors.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Factors that contributed rise of factory system (industrial capitalism)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Growth of population.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was a rapid increase in population especially in Britain at the end of the 15 th C; this increase was caused by better medical facilities and early marriages. In 1485 AD, Britain had three million people. This increase in production contributed to the rise of capitalism by providing a ready market for manufactured goods and cheap labor in industries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Also increased population facilitated cheap labor in industries, leaving rural areas hence decline of feudalism and rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Growth of towns.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Growth of towns for example Manchester and Liverpool contributed to the rise of industrial capitalism. These towns attracted many people who undertook trade and commerce which contributed to the demise of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Agrarian revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The improvement of agriculture contributed significantly to the collapse of feudalism. The changes in agriculture for example crop rotation and the use of machines led to increase in production. The Increase in production led to acquisition of wealth which was used to finance the industrial revolution hence rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Political revolutions.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Political revolutions e.g. the English revolution of 1640 and the French revolution of 1789 contributed to the rise of capitalism. These revolutions destroyed feudalism and put the major means of production in the hands of capitalists hence leading to the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Commercial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Refers to fundamental changes which were characterized by the development of international trade and the rise of merchant class. Through international trade, European countries especially Britain acquired a lot of capital which was used to finance the industrial revolution, thus the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Monetization of the economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Introduction of money as a medium of exchange played a great role in the rise of capitalism in Europe. Money formed the basis of capitalism by financing the industrial revolution, thus the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. The Hundred year war.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The war was fought between the British and the French, during the course of the war British plundered French towns and enriched themselves. This was a form of primitive accumulation of capital which contributed significantly to the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Scientific and technological revolutions.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Scientific revolution refers to major technological changes that took place in Europe and paved the way for the rise of capitalism. The Revolution led to the expansion of commodity production which led to the development of internal trade that contributed to the industrial development thus the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN (1750s –1850s). This can be defined as the sum total of radical or fundamental changes in various sectors of the economy especially industry, transport, banking and technology. During this period new machines for mass production were invented; large scale industries replaced cottage industries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Why Britain was the first country to industrialize in Europe</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution begun in Britain on a large scale for the first time, later spread to other countries such as France, Germany, Spain and Belgium. During this period Britain was referred to as the “workshop of the world”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The causes of the industrial revolution are classified into internal and external factors;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Internal Factors</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a Growth of the internal market.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This was caused by the rapid growth in population during the 18 th century. There was about 10.5M people in 1801 and 20 M people in 1851. This growth of population was due to better health care and sanitation. The increase in population provided ready markets for industrial products thus contributing to the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b Improvement of the transport systems.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was improvement in the transport system through the construction of roads, railways and canals. The good transport system supported the industrial revolution by providing cheap and reliable transport.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c Non governmental interference.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The British government pursued the laissez faire policy (no government intervention) whereby the government allowed the economy to operate fairly and freely with few controls. The absence of government interference encouraged investors to increase production thus contributing to the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d Peace and stability.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The monarchy which controlled Britain provided a stable and predictable government. This monarchy has maintained peace and stability which are conducive for industrial activities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e Free trade system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain had the largest free trade unity in Europe completely unhampered by the local tariffs system. Almost each part of Britain produced something and traded with others. The absence of internal tariffs encouraged industrial activities thus leading to industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f Geographical advantage.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain had an added advantage in natural resources which stimulated industrial revolution. There was existence of coal and iron in plenty, coal mining was important in coastal shipping and provision of cheap fuel and later rail road construction. The existence of these two natural resources generated more technological innovations that enabled Britain to undergo the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g Technological advantages</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was the first country to undergo technological advancement in various aspects. There were various discoveries that took place in Britain which facilitated the industrial revolution. In 1776, James Watt discovered the steam engine and in 1775 Miller Cromb discovered the water frame. These discoveries contributed to the scientific revolution and finally the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">External Factors</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a International links</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The paramount cause of the industrial revolution was the Trans Atlantic slave trade. British companies traded with all countries in Europe but most important was trade with Asia and North America. The most profitable business acquired huge profits which were used to build many industries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b Existence of many colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain had so many colonies in Africa, America and Asia. These colonies provided raw materials and ready markets for industrial products, therefore contributing to the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution led to drastic economic and social changes in the lives of the British people. It replaced agriculture as the main source of wealth and was responsible for the scramble for the control of the rest of the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Effects of industrial revolution in Europe</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a Development of industrial towns.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution contributed to the development of industrial towns such as Lancashire, Birmingham and derby shire in Britain. Development of these towns was due to the industries which were established near the markets and source of raw materials that attracted a number of people to settle in those areas thus leading to the development of towns.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b Environmental degradation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution contributed to environmental pollution in Europe. It led to chemical contamination in water bodies and air pollution. The destruction of the environment also contributed to the eruption of diseases which led to loss of lives.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c Development of free trade policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution contributed to the development of free trade in Europe. Free trade is an economic policy that allows free transfer of goods without economic barriers or tariffs. This policy was influenced by the production of large quantities of industrial goods that required overseas markets.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d Rise of proletariat/ working classes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution contributed to the development of working class in Europe. Members of the working class did not posses anything except their labor. They sold their labor to the owners of the industries who in turn paid those low wages and were forced to work under poor conditions. Their exploitation led to the formation of various movements such as Luddism and Chartism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e Introduction of democracy</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It contributed to the collapse of absolute monarchies that had existed in Europe during the feudal period. In France there was the bourbon monarchy where all French kings right from Louis XIV were despotic. The monarchy in Britain was also despotic, the kings believed in the “divine right of the king” whereby the king was not answering to any man except God. The industrial revolution replaced absolute monarchies with parliamentary system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f Economic hardship</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It was characterized with so many economic hardships. The workers were paid very low wages which were not enough to satisfy ordinary human beings. To supplement their meager pay; many fathers were forced to send their children into factories at the age of five. The workers were forced to work for 14 hours a day.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g Development of slums</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial revolution contributed to the development of slums in Europe with the growth of population in the 18 th C. The older towns became more and more over crowded. More and more big families crowded into each house. Slums were very common in towns such as absence of proper sanitation and increased crime.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Why Britain was referred to as the workshop of the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Between 1750s and 1870s Britain was referred to as the workshop of the world by other European countries because all the commodities of the world were being produced in Britain, during the period of Victoria, the entire world depended on high quality products from Britain.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are various reasons to why Britain was called the workshop of the world, these included the following;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a. First to undergo the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was the first country to undergo the industrial revolution in 1750 AD and then it spread to other countries such as German and France. The British people regarded themselves as the source of world civilization and their country was a model to other countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b. Source of technology and innovation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was the source of technology in the world. Most of the inventions in technology took place in Britain e.g. the steam engine that was discovered in 1776 by James Watt and the maritime technology that started in Britain. It was Britain that set the pace for the industrialization of other countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c. Largest colonial empire.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. It controlled at least a quarter of the world’s population. It had colonies in Asia, America and Africa. These colonies provided a ready market for British manufactured goods and raw materials that contributed to the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d. Huge economy</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain had the largest economy between 1750 AD and 1870 AD; its economy was worth 540 million pounds the largest in Europe and it was followed by France which had 250 million pounds. The possession of the largest economy explains why it was called the workshop of the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e. Leading exporter of industrial goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was the leading exporter of the industrial products by that time and she monopolized the export of high quality industrial goods, this enabled her to control the world market and obtain higher profits this situation made Britain to be referred to as the workshop of the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f. Stable government</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The monarchy in Britain provided a stable and predictable government in the country. Peace and security provided a conducive atmosphere for massive investment thus enabling Britain to have the largest economy in the whole world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g. Geographical advantage.</span></div>
</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-48550474384465104212017-11-16T11:33:00.002-08:002017-11-16T11:33:33.026-08:00COLONIAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL SERVICES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TOPIC 5: COLONIAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL SERVICES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By the end of the 19 th century European powers had already suppressed African resistance and extended their rule almost throughout the entire continent, the countries that were subjected to colonial rule by this time were Ethiopia and Liberia.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHuzp00uUl4RTcDSLMHkNOXYX_5a3ALVXkSQyWOJQJC8Vtwgx-uYeFjfqU5e-oqOFGSl3xJq1yFHbIsZ4GPSjwJ_JkO2rZ2ak5IZOnwg5TW5FNakOLPH5XoSenaNd_b3wjc1CKv88Aj4/s1600/history_books_sm1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHuzp00uUl4RTcDSLMHkNOXYX_5a3ALVXkSQyWOJQJC8Vtwgx-uYeFjfqU5e-oqOFGSl3xJq1yFHbIsZ4GPSjwJ_JkO2rZ2ak5IZOnwg5TW5FNakOLPH5XoSenaNd_b3wjc1CKv88Aj4/s320/history_books_sm1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Colonial economies were established in Africa over a span of years. During that period African self sufficient economic were transformed and made inferior. The colonialists reorganize the traditional African societies to meet their selfish interests.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economy refers to the production and consumption patterns that existed in Africa during the colonial period. The colonial economy was imposed on the Africans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Specific objectives</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Analyse agricultural policies and strategies undertaken to improve. Agricultural production in the colonies during and after the second world war.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. Analyse the various development schemes undertaken in the colonies</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii. Explain the objectives of introducing progressive or master farmers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv. Discuss the reasons for introducing cooperatives and marketing boards.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Objectives of the colonial economy</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are various economic reasons that made the colonial powers to establish the colonial economy in Africa. These are the following:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Need for markets</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- By the late 19th century, the industries in Europe were producing more industrial goods than Europeans could consume, Industrialists encourage their government to undertake colonization in Africa in order to protect markets for their Industrial goods. - There was over production in Europe where their goods were unmarketable, hence they decide to come Africa to find market for their goods products. The colonial powers were looking for areas where they can sell their manufacture goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Need for raw material - They were looking for cheap raw material such as cotton, minerals. They took material in Africa to European Industries -Colonial power were established processing Industries in Africa so that they can process material before they took to their countries. Example cotton and sisal. - In 19th century experienced the Industrial revolution, so they nee industrial production like mode of production, which include human resources , capital resources and natural resources - European Industrial were dependent on raw materials from Asia, America and Africa - They Need raw materials to feed their industries in Europe, Example: cotton,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They were looking for cheap raw material because in Europe they had been exhausted and the remaining ones were quiet expensive.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Need for investment.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">-They need to get Investment areas, They had large capital which made them to unable to sell their product: -There was high population in Europe and shortage of land, rich people were control land where poor become landless.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They were looking for areas where they can invest their excess capital; they could not invest in Europe because the markets were saturated.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Need for cheap labour.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They need cheap labour, Industrial revolution in Europe introduced new machine which replaced human labour after abolition of slave trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers were searching for cheap labour. Labor was expensive in Europe because the workers were demanding for high wages.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These motives clearly show that the colonial powers established the colonial economy not to serve the Africans, but to satisfy their own selfish interests.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Characteristics of the colonial economy:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Export-Import oriented.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economies were export oriented because they were based on the export of raw materials both mineral and agricultural and importation of manufactured goods from Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Monoculture economies</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economies were specialized in the production of the major commodity for example Mauritius specialized in the production of sugar, Ghana, Zambia and Zaire in Cocoa now the Democratic Republic of the Congo specialized in the production of copper.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Manufacturing sector was small and weak.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The manufacturing sector was small and weak because the colonial powers discouraged the establishment of heavy manufacturing industries in Africa. Africa had to remain a producer of raw materials and a market for European manufactured goods. The few industries that were established were semi–processing industries that aimed at reducing the weight of raw materials to facilitate their exportation of Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Production was based on coercion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economy was imposed on the Africans and they were forced to produce for the export market rather than their own consumption consequently there was no time to produce food which led to frequent famine in Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Exploitation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">· Land alienation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Land alienation involved taking land from the Africans so as to create room for cash crop production and mining activities. The land that was taken was the land which was fertile and had minerals in large quantity land alienation was common in settle colonies such as Zimbabwe and Kenya.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">· Taxation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economy was characterized with the introduction of taxes such as the poll and hut taxes. Taxes were introduced as an indirect way of getting labor. To get money to pay the taxes, the African had to sell their labor thus the colonialist got both cheap labor and cash crops.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">METHODS USED BY THE COLONIAL POWERS TO ESTABLISH THE COLONIAL ECONOMY IN AFRICA</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economy was established through recreation, destruction and preservation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A. Creation:-It was a method established by European to Introduce new element that were not existed in the native areas.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Under creation new elements were introduced by the colonial powers on the traditional African economy. These elements include the following:-1. Land alienation, By occupying method and dividing land. Example: North Tanzania, high land were created as production area while south and central Tanzania were created as labour reserve.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Land alienation involved the grabbing of land from the Africans as a way of getting areas where the growing of cash crops and mining activities could take place. It was the fertile land and land with minerals in large quantities that was taken by the colonialists. Land alienation was common in settle colonies such as Kenya and Zimbabwe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Taxation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers introduced taxation as an indirect way of getting cheap labor. To pay taxes the Africans had to sell their labor on the colonial farms, in this way the colonialists acquired both cheap labor and cash crops that were needed as raw materials in Europe. Example: hat tax ,matiti tax and head tax.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Forced cash crop production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers forced Africans to produce cash crops such as coffee, cotton and sisal which were needed as raw materials. The Africans produced cash crops at the expense of food crops; this explains the widespread occurrence of famine in colonial Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Introduction of the monetary system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonialists introduced money as a medium of exchange; to get money the Africans had to sell their labor on the farms thus the colonialists obtained both the cheap labor and cash crops which were the needs of the colonial economy. -Exchange of goods or service by using coins or paper money.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Destruction- Greate forced labour, labour were completed to work in the collonial farmers, Forced labour was required to reduce costs that were needed in public services. Africa chiefs were forced to produce labour at low cost.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial powers destroyed Africans traditional industries, by this policy all industries were to remain in Europe and Africa was to be a source of markets for European manufactured goods and a producer of raw materials. The traditional industries were destroyed in two main ways i.e. force and competition.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Force</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Here different laws were passed by the colonial government that threatened the African from engaging in industrial activities for example in the Congo one would have his arms chopped off if he engaged in industrial activities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Competition</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Here the colonial powers imported high quality products from Europe in order to destroy the markets for the local products. They Introduced processing Industries</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">C. Preservation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonialists preserved some elements of the pre–colonial African economies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.The basic tool of production remained to be the hand hoe except that this one was imported. There were no improvements in the tools of productive force.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. The pre – capitalist relations of production were preserved for example the feudal relations of production, but these served the interests of the colonialists.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. The basic unit of production remained to be the family; this limited the division of labor and also hindered the development of science and technology.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">COLONIAL ECONOMY</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial economy refers to all production and consumption activities found in Africa during the colonial period. The Second World War which took place between 1939 and 1945 had a significant impact on the capitalist powers and they spent huge sums of money financing the war, it is estimated the loss of Second World War was $ 13,849,000,000.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The destruction of the capitalist economies forced the European powers to introduce various changes in the colonial economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Conolonial economy was anchored on five important sectors namely:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(i) AGRICULTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(ii) MINING</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iii) PROCESSING INDUSTRIES</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iv) COMMERCE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(v) TRANSPORT</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. AGRICULTURE:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The main aim of colonial agricultural policy was to promote the production of cash crops for export, to feed the industrial of the metro Politician states, integrate the Africans into capitalist system through growing cash crops in which they wail sell, stimulate capital investment and maximization of pro by buying African crops at low prices and paying to wages.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Three types of Agriculture were established namely settle economy, plantation economy, and peasant economy</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. PEASANT AGRICULTURE ECONOMY</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This involved the small –scale production of cash crops by individuals for purpose of coming cash and providing food for survival colonial rule.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The peasant and cash crop forms of agriculture were area transferring part of subsistence farming to the cash sector but the create part of the pre-colonial system of product social control unchanged.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In Ghana, Ivory Coast and western Nigeria, the British colonial administration wanted the peasant to devote much of their time and energy to the cultivation of cocoa and coffee.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHARACTERISTICS OF PEASANT AGRICULTURE:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(i) It was based on land units which were very small bed of the big are as being directly populated</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(ii) There were individual ownership of land</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iii) There were intercropping in order to maintain various and cash crops at the same time</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iv) Elementary tools such as hoes and arrows were used as instruments of labour.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(v) There was hardly any use of scientific methods of farming.</span></div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FACTORS THAT FAVORED PEASANT AGRICULTURE:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(i) Dense population made it difficult for land alienation to be used. Hence, settler and plantation agriculture impossible</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(ii) Centralized Kingdom proved to be tough on the establishment settler agriculture</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iii) There was always a labour supply problem when the economy favored only one crop.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iv) Peasant agriculture was cheaper in the production of materials and settlers needed big capital, land, modern equipment</span></div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SETTLER ECONOMY:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This involved production by foreigners. These foreigners usual presented the interests of the metropole (i.e. their main interest were mining and agriculture in the colonized countries).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The promotion of agricultural production was to go hand in hand with white settlements in Africa, especially in those areas that were fertile.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Settlers settled in big numbers in central Africa (Malaysia, Zambia, Zimbabwe), South Africa, parts of French equatorial Africa, French West Africa, and in East Africa (Kenya).</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FEATURES OF SETTLER ECONOMY:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(i) Land alienation with differently issue land ordinaries, in 1900 the land occupation ordinance was enacted in Zambia.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The ordinance required that Europeans who had been allocated land must occupy and use that land or otherwise they would pay taxes for leaving such land redundant.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In Kenya in 1597, the land regulation office set as vacant land for European settlements, in 1902, the owner land ordinance allowed the commissioner to sell or give crown land to the Europeans, and large scale land alienation in Kikuyu began.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(ii) Forced labour: The French, German land Portuguese follow a similar policy of forced labour and unpaid labour.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Forced labour was required to reduce costs that were needed in public services. In Zimbabwe in 1897, the Nature egulation Act was passed, forcing African chiefs to produced labourers at law coast.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iii) Taxation: the hut tax was introduced in Malawi in early 1890 in Zimbabwe in 1898, and in Zambia in 1900. In Kenya the Hut Tax was introduced in 1980, and poll tax in 1910.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The intention of the tax was to cover administrative expansion ways by which Africans would be forced to work in European farms and mines in order to raise money to pay their taxes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iv)Migrant labour were transported from far away places to work in settler plantations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(v) The development of infrastructures to serve the settlers.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. PLANTATION AGRICULTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i) Was a very distinctive from of cultivation in which specialized commercial crops were grown.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii) It employed large of number of unskilled lobourers who more brought to supervise and work. On the other hand, plantation agriculture extended monoculture during colonialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii) In West Africa, French settlers owned Senegal groundnuts and cocoa farms. German settlers owned Dohomey palm oil and the fire stone Rubber Company of the U S A opened its plantation in Liberia in 1926. The other plantation in Tog were owned by the German and other in Ghana and Nigeria were owned by the British.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv) In east Africa, Kenyan tea, pyrethrum and effect were owner by British seltters. Sisal plantation in Tanga and Morogoro are owned by Germans and sugarcane plantation in Uganda were owned by the Indians (mujidival).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v) In Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia, plantations were by the British while in Mozambique and Angola plantations were owned by the Portuguese.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATION AGRICULTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. They were larger estates covering over 100 acres each</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. Production was mainly for export and market oriented</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii. The government ensure a constant supply of cheap laborer, they needed intensive labour</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv. Plantation were scientifically-managed and involved the use of machine and fertilizer for qualitative and quantitatives out put to meet the demands of the metropole.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v. Larger land was needed for commercial agriculture. This was led to land alienation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. MINING</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i) Mining was very important and one the pillars of the colonial economy, it accelerated the exploitation of Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii) In West Africa there were coal mines at Enugu,tin mines in jos plateau in Northern Nigeria and gold mines in Ghana, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone and Silver in sierra leone</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii) In central Africa, there was gold and coal in southern Rhodesia, copper, tin, zinc and lead in the Belgian congo, copper and leadin Zambia and diamond and oil in Angola</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv) In East Africa, there was diamond in mwadui ,gold in Geita and Musoma (Tanganyika) and copper in kilembe (Uganda)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. TRADING COMPANIES.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i) Under colonial rule, there emerged many companies that claimed to import and export goods into and out from African colonies, some were huge companies some were petty companies and some were fake companies but all of them come to exploit African resources.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii) Among these were very big companies including.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Companies franchise Afriques occidental (C.T.A.O)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Socrete commercial Quest African (S.C.Q.A)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- The United African Company (U.A.C)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Ronrho</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii) In East Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Smith maokenzie (ascothah Company of maennon)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Ralli Brothers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Leslie and Anderson</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Broke Bond</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv) These companies were responsible for expatriating great amounts of wealth from Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v) Many of these companies started during the slave, They engaged in the following works:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- They bought raw material cheaply in Africa and exported</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- They insured the property of the seltters.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- They imported manufacture goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- They invested in mines and plantations.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A) CHANGES IN COLONIAL AGRICULTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Colonial agriculture was the main sector of the colonial economy so as to produce cash crops that were needed as raw materials by the capitalists industries. Emphasis was laid on the production of cash crops and not food crops.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The changes in colonial agriculture included the following:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(i) Establishment of progressive master farmers.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial state introduced progressive farmers under peasant agriculture; these farmers are given modern farming tools, loans and could hire labor. The main goal of the colonial state was to increase the production of cash crops.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(ii) Introduction of agricultural development schemes and plans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is where there was introduction of scientific methods of agriculture; these included terracing schemes in the hilly areas to avoid soil erosion, restocking so as to increase animal husbandry and modernization and a forestation to keep soil fertility and prevent soil erosion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iii) Introduction of agricultural experiments in the colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The goal of the agricultural experiments was to introduce new cash crops for example there was introduction of groundnuts to solve the problem of edible oil in Europe, palm oil was introduced in Kongwa, Nachingwea and Urambo.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iv) Setup of settlement schemes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This is where the colonial state was shifting farmers to fertile places so as to avoid more room for cash crop production. All the fertile land in pre–colonial Africa was supposed to be subjected to cash crop production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(v) Development of state farms.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The colonial state introduced state farms so as to reduce its dependence on subsidies from the metro-pole. These farms were supposed to generate revenue that was needed to run the colonial administration. State farms were very common in French colonies in West Africa.</span></div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE FAILURE OF COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL REFORMS</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Some of the reforms that were carried out by the colonial state failed to meet their expected goals, they failed due to various reasons:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(i) Existence of poor soils.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Some of the land chosen for those agricultural reforms was not suitable for cash crop production thus leading to low yields. Yet the colonialists wanted to maximize agricultural output.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(ii) Poor administration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Most of these agricultural projects were run by ex-soldiers who did not have the expertise to fully manage them. The absence of skilled personnel contributed greatly to the failure of the projects.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iii) Opposition from the natives.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The establishment of agricultural reforms faced resistance from the natives; these schemes were viewed by the natives as ways of exploiting them. Various riots and strikes were staged against the schemes thus contributing to their failure.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(iv) Poor planning.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Most of the schemes collapse because of poor planning. The groundnuts scheme in Tanganyika collapsed because little time was taken to assess the suitability of the land chosen.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(v) Inadequate funds.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Most of the project wanted large sums of money which were not available especially after the Second World War. Inadequate funds hindered the successful implementation of the agricultural projects.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">INTRODUCTION OF MASTER FARMING SYSTEM (PROGRESSIVE FARMING SYSTEM)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Master farming system was done by making African peasants to become involved in intensive production of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OBJECTIVES UNDER MASTER FARMING SYSTEM</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Selection of few African peasants to be developed by giving them assistance like technical assistance in the processes involved in agricultural production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Provision of labor, capital and fertilizers to African farmers in order to produce raw materials, the reason behind was to attract others to engage in production of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Encourage more Africans to grow cash crops because African peasants were given low prices and the cost of production was low.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Creation of model farmers in order to influence others to grow more cash crops,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Introduction of agricultural schools and agricultural production of raw materials. For example Ukiriguru in Mwanza, Amboni-Tanga, Uyole in Mbeya, Lindi.etc. All these aimed at getting agricultural extension officers who could provide advice to African farmers on how to grow cash crops.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Introduction and expansion of cooperative farmers (union). For example KNCU (Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union), Nyanza.etc in order to advice more farmers to produce raw materials and to fix the prices of African agricultural crops.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Destocking schemes were adopted in African colonies in order to make Africans to concentrate on production of raw materials only and not on cattle keeping. For example in Sukuma land and Mburu land (Maasai).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Production policy was adopted by colonialists in African colonies where by Africans were invited to live in more productive areas and concentrate in production of raw materials. For example in sukuma land, more farmers were forced and invited to live in Geita which allowed production of more cotton.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OBJECTIVES OF THE CHANGES IN COLONIAL AGRICULTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. It was aimed at getting agricultural extension offices that could help African to produce raw materials for the benefits of Europeans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. It aimed to provide agricultural education to African peasants hence more agricultural schools and colleges were built in several African areas. Therefore the colonial education helped the colonialist to get Africans who were able to mobilize their fellow Africans and provide agricultural expert advice to Africans in order to increase production of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. It aimed at increasing production of raw materials through giving Africans agricultural knowledge on better ways of practicing agriculture.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4.It aimed at conducting researches which necessitated the production of various agricultural raw materials and testing agricultural crops. Example the agricultural research helped the colonialists to know where some crops were in the right location for planting a particular type of crop example; Sisal in Tanga, Cotton in Sudan and Palm oil in Nigeria.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. It aimed to get African labor that could help the colonialist to produce more cash crops needed in the capitalist industries for their own development.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. It aimed to get more and large land from Africans for agricultural production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. It aimed to get areas for investment, More areas in African colonies were needed for European investment due to the fact that the capital accumulated from agricultural production was to be invested in other economic sectors such as financial institutions, industries, trade and commerce.etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EFFECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REFORMS IN AFRICA</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The implementation of the agriculture</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EFFECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REFORMS IN AFRICA</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The implementation of the agricultural schemes in Africa had a great impact.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. The schemes contributed the introduction of classes among the farmers. Under peasant agricultural there was creation of a group of farmers known as progressive or masters farmers who were given loans by the colonial state and could hire labor and on the other hand there were peasants who were not given any of these privileges by the colonial state.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. The schemes contributed to class consciousness among the peasants. The peasants produced various products which they sold to the colonial state, but the colonial state bought them at very low prices. The exploitation to which the peasants were subjected contributed to the rise of class consciousness.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. There were various riots and strikes by the natives in the various colonies. The low prices at which the colonial states were buying the products contributed to the outbreak of various riots and strikes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. The schemes have contributed to making the agricultural sector to be the backbone of the economy in Africa. It should be noted that the colonial state did not make attempts to mechanize agriculture; this is why the agricultural sector is still backward.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. The schemes contributed to increase in the volume of exports to the metropolitan countries which enabled them to reconstruct their economies that had been devastated by the Second World War.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. The schemes contributed to environmental degradation which was due to over utilization of land. The colonialist wanted to receive their economies that had been destroyed by Second World War thus they had to utilize African land to the maximum which depleted the resources.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. There was increase in industrialization on the form of processing industries which aimed at reducing the weight of raw materials to keep freight charges low. These industries solidified the linkage between the colonies and the colonial powers because the processed products had to be taken and the finishing industries were located at Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. The schemes contributed to the emergence of a commercial group, these were the middlemen such as the Indians in East Africa and Lebanese in West Africa. These middlemen brought products from the peasants at low prices and sold them to the colonial state at high prices.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">B. THE COLONIAL INDUSTRIAL SECTOR</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industrial sector was the smallest of all the sectors of the colonial economy. It should be noted that before the First World War. These were the only processing industries that aimed of reducing the weight of raw materials to keep the Freight charges low. The examples of these industries were the cotton and coffee ginneries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">After the Second World War the capitalist powers established import substitution industries, there were industries that produced goods which were formerly imported from Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Import substitution industries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There were industries that were formed by the capitalist powers to produce goods that will replace the ones imported from Europe. The main goal of these industries was to produce consumer goods mainly for the white settlers and few Africans, African civil servants; these goods included soap, cigarettes, and tooth paste.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Features of import substitution industries:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(a) Light industries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- All the import substitution industries were light industries. They avoided the establishment of heavy manufacturing industries so as to ensure that they create competition with goods coming from Europe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(b) Production of consumer goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The import substitute industries were based on the production of consumer goods such as biscuits, soap and cigarettes. These industries were producing goods for the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and a few African petty bourgeoisie's. The industries were not producing goods for the African masses.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(c) Labor intensive.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industries were using labor intensive technology. They used more labor than machines. The colonialists were relevant to import advanced technology, because their goal was to exploit African resources.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(d) Uneven distribution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The industries were unevenly distributed; they were mainly located in urban centers where most of the white settlers were found. The industries were producing goods for the white settlers.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(e) Owned by foreigners.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These industries aimed at exploiting African resources to the maximum so as to generate more profits for the capitalists.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHANGES IN COLONIAL LABOR POLICIES.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Colonial labor refers to African labor force used by colonialists in their colonial economic sectors like in Agriculture, mining, trade and commerce, industrial sector etc. During the colonial period i.e. soon after the second world war (1939-1945). The colonialists emphasized on large quantity of raw materials and export commodities in the colonies so as to help the colonialists in economic recovery program in their metropolitan countries. In order to attain these demands, the colonialists were forced to adapt new labor policies in the colonies hence the post war period experienced effective mobilization and utilization of African labor .The following techniques and mechanisms were used.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Rehabilitation and creation of infrastructure system in the colonies. There was introduction of railway harbor and parts were constructed and rehabilitation in African colonies from the coastal areas to the interior where African laborers and producers of raw materials were found or lived.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Improvement of working condition in plantation and mining areas. This was done by the colonialists in order to motivate African laborers to move in mining and plantation areas to offer their labor power. This ensured a constant supply of migrant labor. For example, there was improvement of wage labor, provision of social services, shortening working hours.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Consolidation of labor recruiting agencies in the colonies, this was done in order to ensure a constant supply of labor in the colonies for agricultural production of raw materials, mining production and construction of infrastructure system like roads, ports and harbor.etc. For example we had WENELA in central Africa which recruited African labor from southern Rhodesia to South Africa in order to ensure labor power.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Assignment of special duties, quotas and other working conditions in different colonies. For Example peasants were assigned different duties, quotas per season in order to make African peasants fully involved in colonial production of raw materials and add more volumes of raw materials needed in hungry industries in Europe like in cotton growing region each family in those areas was required to cultivate at least 3 acres of cotton per season.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Local rulers were required to recruit a specific number of laborers in their areas of control per annum. This mechanism enabled the colonizer to utilize full African labor for advantage of European colonialist in their plantation and mines and other economic sectors.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Introduction of taxation; where the colonialists introduced different taxes in African colonies in order to force Africans to offer their labor power in European plantation, mines and other economic sector e.g. different taxes as it was in Kenya; there was Matiti, head, property, taxes etc. forced Africans to offer their labor power in settler economy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Enactment of different labor laws by colonialists in different African colonies the colonialists enacted different labour laws which forced Africans to get involved in production of raw materials needed by the colonialist in their countries for their development.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Land alienation where by Africans were alienated from their fertile land and pushed to unproductive areas in order to make Africans to continue offering their labor power in plantations, mining etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHANGES IN COLONIAL TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION (COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURE)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Colonial transport and communication refers to all transport and communication established by colonialists in African continent during colonial period in order to meet their interests (demand). These infrastructures include colonial railway, ports, airports and harbors and telecommunication networks. Therefore after the second world war the colonial infrastructure change in order to get and increase their demands in colonies and in metropolitan countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Changes which were made</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.Introduction and expansion of roads; where different roads in African colonies. Example the feeder roads were introduced, introduction of tarmac roads which were expanded to the interior of African countries to collect raw materials and transport laborers from labor reserve areas to the working stations., Introduction of rehabilitation of roads which was introduced even before the second world war.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Introduction and expansion of ports and harbor in African colonies where by new ports and harbors were introduced and others were rehabilitated in order to meet colonialists demand in African colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Introduction and expansion of railways in order to meet European demands. After the Second World War the colonialists made some changes in railway where by new railways were introduced and others were rehabilitated for the aim of transporting laborers, raw materials and colonial administrative officers and coercive apparatus.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4.Expansion of telecommunication networks in African colonies purposely for providing information on how to produce raw materials and layout administrative matters within African colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Introduction of airports in colonies so as to facilitate movement of people such as transportation for administrators and information from metropolitan countries to African colonies.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OBJECTIVES (AIM) OF THE CHANGES OF COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.To transport raw materials from production areas to the harbours where they are later shipped to metropolitan countries to feed European industries. In addition some raw materials were transported from the interior where they were produced to the main roads by using feeder roads where they are transported to the ports for being shipped to metropolitan countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. To Transport colonial officers and administrators between urban areas to supervise production of raw materials.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. To transport colonial African laborers especially the migrant laborers who were working under contracts from labor reserve areas to productive areas to offer cheap labor in plantations and mines.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. To transport and import coercive apparatus forces such as police and army to seize resistance in productive areas when resistance occurs so that production is not interfered. Resistances such as MAUMAU resistance in Kenya.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5.To transport manufactured goods after being imported in African colonies; these imported manufactured commodities were transported to the market areas for example they transported to the productive areas (interior) where most Africans lived hence goods like clothes, food, agricultural tools were distributed to the European settlers. European administrators and to African laborers by using colonial infrastructure.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. These colonial infrastructures aimed to facilitate communication from one area to another area either of the same colony or different colony in order to make easy ruling of the colonies.</span></div>
</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-65638502226144031322017-11-16T11:27:00.003-08:002017-11-16T11:27:45.860-08:00FORM FIVE;THE PEOPLE OF AFRICAN ORIGIN IN THE NEW WORLDVE<div style="text-align: justify;">
TOPIC 3: THE PEOPLE OF AFRICAN ORIGIN IN THE NEW WORLD</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The new world in this context refers to the United States of America and the Caribbean islands were most of the people of African origin were found.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The people of African origin in the new world were a product of Trans Atlantic slave trade, this trade led to the exportation of many Africans in the form of slaves to America to provide cheap labor on plantations and mines.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The origin or genesis of the African people in the new world/slavery</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibrNWgdyOzGIN8ltYHr3W39z6u_ZVk3ege5HybxJWHkr28wp1_QrQRZV-0lDqpcvYu3ds3VLyTcHRufzM5uoDnNfyJDKayvhJWxttT3ZYY7mPTDyC5u-idur4qIPSrPLIVkCfzb8DwpiI/s1600/History-books.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="450" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibrNWgdyOzGIN8ltYHr3W39z6u_ZVk3ege5HybxJWHkr28wp1_QrQRZV-0lDqpcvYu3ds3VLyTcHRufzM5uoDnNfyJDKayvhJWxttT3ZYY7mPTDyC5u-idur4qIPSrPLIVkCfzb8DwpiI/s320/History-books.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(a) Mercantilism</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This was an economic system which involved conducting trade overseas searching for gold and silver. Mercantilism led to the rise of the Trans – Atlantic slave trade which was a trading activity which involved Africa, Europe and America. During this trade millions of Africans were shipped to America to provide cheap labor on plantations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(b) Booming capitalist agriculture.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
During mercantilism European capitalists established different plantations of coffee, sugarcane, cotton and tobacco which called for massive supply of cheap labor, thus the supply of white labor was getting difficult compared to the expanding needs of the plantations, therefore called for importation of slaves from Africa.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(c) Industrial revolution in Europe.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Due to the industrial revolution, there was a need to expand home markets thus the merchants and the ruling class in Europe were afraid of under population; this prompted the campaign against the use of white labor. The crisis called for massive importation of slaves from Africa to provide cheap labor on plantations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(d) Africans slaves were cheap.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It’s on record that money paid to a white labor for ten years could procure an African slave for life. In addition a white worker was expected to acquire land at the end of the contract while an African slave was prevented by law from owning land. This condition necessitated the use of African labor thus the existence of people of African origin in the new world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(e) Discovery of maritime technology.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This acted as a pushing factor for Africans to be taken as slaves. Maritime technology eased transportation and guided the merchants to locate Africa. Thus be in possession to transport people of African origin to the new world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(f) Inability of the indigenous people.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Initially the Europeans were using Native Americans and red Indians to provide cheap labor on the plantations and mining centers but these later died in huge numbers due to plague. This called for an importation of African slaves which contributed to the existence of people of African origin in the new world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(g) Discovery of the new world.</div>
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The discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus in 1492 contributed to the existence of people of African origin in the new world. The discovery led to the establishment of plantations and mining centers that demanded for cheap labor which called for importation of African slaves.</div>
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PROBLEMS FACED BY THE PEOPLE OF AFRICAN ORIGIN IN THE NEW WORLD</div>
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The people of African origin faced various problems which were caused by the development of capitalism. The European maintained certain conditions to ensure the survival of capitalism at the expense of the people of African origin. These problems are classified into political, economical and social aspects.</div>
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POLITICAL PROBLEMS</div>
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· Denied the right to vote.</div>
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The people of African origin were denied the right to vote, various measures were put that made difficult for the black people to vote. The qualifications to vote included one should have attained a certain level of income and had a grandfather who was eligible to vote.</div>
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· Denied equal representation.</div>
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People of African origin were denied equal representation in the government. To make matters worse; they were even denied the right to run for political office hence they had no representatives in the government.</div>
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· Denied the right to make decisions.</div>
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People of African origin were denied the right to make decisions in the new world; they lost all their rights as human beings hence they could not even make decisions regarding their own lives.</div>
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ECONOMIC PROBLEMS</div>
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· Denied the right to own land.</div>
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People of African origin were denied the right to own land, they were forbidden by law to own land or any other property. This rendered them to be only domestic servants in the new world.</div>
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· Poor working conditions.</div>
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People of African origin were exposed to poor working conditions on the plantations owned by the whites. They signed contracts with planters were they agreed to offer labor on conditions similar to those of slavery. On the plantations, people of African origin were more often punished by the planters and were paid low wages and in some cases they were not paid at all.</div>
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SOCIAL PROBLEMS</div>
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· Racial discrimination</div>
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The people of African origin were subjected to racial discrimination in all aspects of life. Laws were established which restricted people of African origin to live in separate and inferior sections of hospitals, cemeteries and toilet facilities.</div>
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· Education</div>
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The people of African origin faced different problems in education system. There was segregation in the education system whereby black people were denied admission in secondary schools, colleges and universities because of their race.</div>
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· Denied the right to marry.</div>
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Black people were denied the right to marry and be married. The capitalist believed that marriage would hinder the exploitation of African labor since it would become expensive to maintain the black people and their families. Laws were also established that prohibited relations between a black and a white man.</div>
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Due to the problems; the people of African origin began to wage struggles for equality, economic power and civil rights. The development of class consciousness among the people of African origin was caused by numerous factors that contributed to the rise of black American nationalism.</div>
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BLACK AMERICAN NATIONALISM</div>
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The origin of black American nationalism was the exploitation and oppression to which the black people were subjected. This situation forced the black people to identify themselves as the group apart.</div>
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Black American nationalism manifested itself in different forms such as back to African movement, pan African movement and the civil rights movement.</div>
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OBJECTIVES OF A BACK TO AFRICA MOVEMENT</div>
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a) Liberate people of African origin.</div>
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The movement wanted the people of African origin to be free from exploitation and oppression by shipping them back to Africa. The supporters of this movement argued that the people of African origin cannot attain economic and political freedom in the USA thus the solution was to go back to Africa.</div>
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b) Formation of a strong African state.</div>
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The movement aimed at forming the strong African state which would restore, respect and freedom to the people of African origin, the supporters of the movement claimed that the formation of a strong African state will lead to the elevation of African race.</div>
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c) Empower the people of African origin.</div>
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The movement aimed at empowering the black people economically by establishing economic ventures and creating employment for the millions of people of African origin that were living in poverty.</div>
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d) Raising nationalism in Africa.</div>
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The people of African origin (back to Africa movement) aimed at raising nationalism in Africa. It wanted to unite all the black people in both the new world and Africa to fight against oppression, exploitation and colonialism.</div>
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e) Regain fundamental rights.</div>
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The movement also aimed at bringing unity and solidarity among the people of African origin. The black people had been denied the right to education, right to freedom of expression and the right to marry and own property.</div>
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f) Cultivate a sense of unity.</div>
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The movement also aimed at bringing unity and solidarity among the people of African origin. Unity was an important ingredient in the struggle to regain the fundamental rights of the people of African origin.</div>
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Achievements of the back to Africa movement</div>
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a) Formation of the Universal Negros Improvement Association (UNIA).</div>
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The UNIA aimed at calling all people of African origin to establish universal nationhood. The association wanted to emancipate people of African origin from exploitation and oppression.</div>
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b) Launched a shipping agency.</div>
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The back to Africa movement undertook intensive back to Africa campaign and launched a shipping agency called “black star shipping line” which shifted the emancipated slaves back to Africa for example Liberia and sierra Leone.</div>
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c) Plan to form a strong African state.</div>
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The movement advocated for the need to form a strong African state which would give the people of African origin the freedom from exploitation and oppression, this centered on the formation of African unity which laid the foundation of the organization of African unity.</div>
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d) Formation of the African republic.</div>
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The back to Africa movement established the African republic whereby it opened large scale capitalist programs such as hotels and restaurants. These investments provided employment opportunities to the black people who had been denied employment.</div>
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e) Removal of inferiority complex of the Africans.</div>
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The movement promoted awareness and consciousness among the African race and removed the inferior complex which most Africans had. Through various publications and civil rallies many people of African origin got sensitized and begun to identify their position and their role to play in the dominant white society.</div>
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f) Unity</div>
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The back to Africa movement promoted black solidarity among the black people in the new world and in Africa. Unity was very crucial to the people of African origin were to gain their fundamental right.</div>
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Hindrances to the back to Africa movement</div>
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There were so many hindrances that faced the back to Africa movement, these included the following</div>
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1. Disunity</div>
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There were some people of African origin who preferred to remain in America because they were not so certain to which part of Africa the movement intended to take them. This complicated the interests of the movement.</div>
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2. A campaign of terror</div>
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A campaign of terror was unleashed against the members of the universal Negro improvement association all over the state. Many of the members were thrown out of their jobs and the key organizers were killed. This was a serious setback to the cause of the movement.</div>
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3. Role of Britain and the USA.</div>
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Countries such as Britain and the USA worked very hard to frustrate Marcus Garvey, one of the leaders of the back to Africa movement. In 1923 the government of Liberia invited the members of universal Negros improvement association to set up an African base in Liberia but these two countries threatened to attack Liberia indeed when a team of technical experts arrived in Liberia in 1824, they were arrested and deported to the USA.</div>
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4. Opposition from white American capitalists.</div>
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The UNIA was operating in the United States along capitalist lines hence it created stiff competition with the white American capitalists who were determined to assure its failure.</div>
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5. Deportation of Marcus Garvey.</div>
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The government of USA contributed to the failure of the back to Africa by arresting Marcus Garvey and sentenced him to five years imprisonment, he was later pardoned but deported to Jamaica in 1927 hence ending all hopes of reviving the movement hence ending all hopes of reviving the movement.</div>
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6. Mass illiteracy.</div>
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The mass illiteracy of the people of African origin was the biggest challenge that faced the back to Africa movement, almost 90% of the black people were illiterate. Thus they were vulnerable to exploitation. Illiteracy made the people of African origin an aware about their political, social and economic rights.</div>
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PANAFRICANISM OR THE PAN AFRICAN MOVEMENT/black solidarity</div>
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Pan Africanism refers to the desire for African unity that tries to cultivate the spirit of brotherhood among the black people in the new world.</div>
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Pan Africanism originated in America and the Caribbean islands in the early 20 th century. The movement was formed by the black people initially to stop slave trade.</div>
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Pan Africanism was founded by Bladen and later on it was actuated William Sylvester who convened the first pan Africanist conference, these were few representatives from Africa but the majority came from America.</div>
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Aims of pan Africanism</div>
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· The movement also aimed at bringing unity and solidarity among the people of African origin. Unity was an important ingredient in the struggle to regain the fundamental rights of the black people.</div>
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· The movement aimed at fighting against colonialism in Africa and ensures that Africans are given their self rule. The Africans were subjected to colonial rule for a long period where they were exposed to all sorts of exploitation and oppression.</div>
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· Rise consciousness of the black people towards elimination of their inferiority complex which would restore respect and freedom to black people. The supporters of the movement claimed that the formation of a strong state will lead to the elevation of the African race.</div>
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· The movement wanted to liberate Africans from slave trade and slavery. Under slavery the people of African origin were subjected to all evils. They were denied the right to education, right to freedom of expression, right to marry and the right to own property.</div>
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· The movement also wanted to regain the fundamental rights of the people of African origin. They were denied right to education, right to freedom of expression, right to marry and own property.</div>
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· Raise consciousness of the black people towards formation of the united states of Africa which would have restore respects and freedom to the black people. The supporters of the movement claimed that the formation of a strong African state will lead the elevation of the African race.</div>
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· The movement aimed at empowering the black people economically by establishing economic ventures and creating employment for the millions of people of African origin that were living in poverty.</div>
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CONTRIBUTION OF PANAFRICANISM TO THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM</div>
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· The pan Africanist movement united all Africans from all works of life to oppose colonialism. The common desire for independence was a unifying factor that terminated tribal interest, by uniting all Africans it became easy to oppose colonial rule.</div>
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· The movement provided a forum or a platform where Africans could discuss the grievance caused by colonialism in all the congresses of the movement, the people of African origin discussed about implementing the spirit of oneness among all the black people all over the world.</div>
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· The movement awakened the interests of the Africans to fight for independence. During the conferences of the pan African movement, members discussed a wide range of issues such as racial discrimination, unfair taxation policies and land alienation which they were facing under colonial rule.</div>
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· The pan African movement played a big role in the rise of African nationalism because it stressed that; the fight for political independence by the Africans was a necessary step towards complete economic and social emancipation.</div>
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· The pan African congress chose total liberation in their struggle for independence from Manchester; the activities of the movement were shifted to Africa following the independence of Ghana in 1957. The capital city of Ghana, Accra became the head quarters of pan Africanism where Kwame Nkrumah spear headed the independence of many African countries.</div>
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· The movement represented the African continent in the international conferences especially in the United Nations wanted to ensure that all countries attain independence through the peaceful means.</div>
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAN-AFRICANISM</div>
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The development of pan Africanism took place through summoning or holding various conferences in various countries of Europe. These conferences aimed at uniting people of African origin all over the world.</div>
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These conferences included the following;</div>
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· The pan African congress that took place in London in 1900.</div>
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This was the first conference which took place in London. The meeting was summoned by Henry Sylvester Williams from the West Indies. It was at this conference that Doctor Du Bois was introduced and he came to dominate the movement for almost half of the century. The objects of the congress included the following;</div>
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Ø To provide a forum for people of African origin to protest against European exploitation and oppression.</div>
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Ø To bring all people of African origin into closer relationship, this was so crucial in the struggle for their fundamental rights.</div>
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Ø To appeal to the people to end the colonization and exploitation of the African people.</div>
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This conference was able to lay the foundation for future solidarity of all people of African origin and it planted the spirit of oneness of Africa all over the world.</div>
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· The Paris conference of 1919.</div>
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This was the second pan African movement which was held in Paris. This conference was chaired by Du Bois. This conference took place at a time when the Paris Peace Conference is taking place. This was the conference which was signed after the First World War. In this conference the following points were made</div>
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Ø The members recommended that an international law should be formed to protect the Africans.</div>
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Ø The Africans should be guaranteed the right to education.</div>
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Ø The conference also supported the abolition of slave trade and capital punishment.</div>
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· The London conference of 1921.</div>
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This was the third conference that was held in three sessions, that is in London, Brussels and Paris. The conference emphasized the need to form political parties and the need for international harmony. In 1944, the students’ crew and politicians, led by George Pardmore, Wallace Jackson and Jomo Kenyatta formed a pan African federation.</div>
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· The fourth pan African congress.</div>
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The fourth congress was held in London and Lisbon in 1923. The members in this congress maintained that the Africans should have a right to self government.</div>
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· The fifth pan African congress.</div>
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This congress took place in New York in 1927; this was the last pan African congress which was directly linked to Dr. Bois and George Pardmore. There were conflicts which emerged between Marcus Garvey and Dr Bois. Marcus Garvey one of the founders of back to Africa movement wanted to deport all people of African origin back to Africa while Dr. Du Bois preferred to fight from exile.</div>
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· The sixth pan African congress.</div>
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The pan African federation convened a radical congress in 1945 in Manchester. This was a Manchester conference of 1945. This conference was inspired by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States who declared the principle of self determination.</div>
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This was the conference that demanded complete independence for the Africans. After the conference the intellectuals went back to Africa to mobilize the people for independence instead of remaining in Europe.</div>
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The conference was attended by a number of nationalist leaders from Africa such as Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Nnandi Azikiwe, Peter Abrahams and Wallace Jackson. The members at this conference adopted the following resolutions</div>
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Ø The members demanded complete independence from colonial rule, they argued that “We demand black African autonomy independence, so far and no further than it is possible in this one world for groups of people to rule themselves”.</div>
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Ø They also demanded universal suffrage and condemned colonialism</div>
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NOTE: The African nationalists such as kwame Nkrumah, kamuzu Banda and Nnandi Azikiwe studied in the United States of America thus they had been enlightened about them to take an active role in the pan African movement.</div>
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS IN THE USA</div>
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The civil rights movements was an ideological and political movement of people of African origin in America that demanded for total democracy which allow the citizens of America both black and white to participate fully in the economic, political and social affairs of the country.</div>
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The movement was advocating for equal rights and fair treatments to all people irrespective of their races. The main architects of this movement were Martin Luther King and Malcolm X.</div>
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The objectives of the civil rights movements</div>
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· To end all kinds of discrimination.</div>
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The main objective of the movement was to end all kinds of discrimination and segregation of people of African origin in America. The people of African origin had been subjected to political, social and economic forms of discrimination and segregation.</div>
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· Create an ideal American society.</div>
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Create an ideal American society by enforcing the implementation of the American constitution to grant people of African origin the same human rights as accorded to the white people.</div>
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· Equal employment opportunities.</div>
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To enforce the government to grant equal employment opportunities to people of African origin were denied employment especially on federal projects and departments.</div>
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· Right to vote.</div>
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To enforce the government to grant people of African origin the right to vote and to be voted for. This was one of the major objectives of the civil rights movement because the people of African origin had been segregated from affairs of their country.</div>
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· Developing unity and solidarity.</div>
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The movement aimed at developing unity and solidarity of all the people of African origin in America. The movement wanted to sensitize people of African origin to identify their position in the society and their vision and direction.</div>
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· Basic needs</div>
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The movement also wanted to ensure that the people of African origin are given their basic needs. They summarized their demands in the final point, “we need land, bread, housing and education” the blank panther party suggested that if businesses and the government did not provide for full employment, the community should take over the means of production.</div>
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· Stamp out slavery.</div>
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The movement wanted to stamp out slavery and improve the working conditions of people of African origin. After the civil war, slavery was abolished but people of African origin were still working in conditions that were not different from those of slavery.</div>
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Achievements of the civil rights movements</div>
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The civil rights movement registered great success in fighting for the rights of black people in the United States of America. It marked a turning point in the economic, political and social well being of the black people.</div>
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· The people of African origin or black people were given the right to vote and to be voted for political positions in the United States. For example they should be governors of the state, mayors of cities, congress representatives, ambassadors and military commanders and presidents.</div>
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· The USA government recognized that positive actions were needed to improve the opportunities of the black people in the United States. The government decided that public and private institutions that employed black people should be considered in terms of tax concession.</div>
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· The black people are also entitled to welfare benefits as much as the whites. These benefits included unemployment benefits, housing subsidies and state scholarships.</div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-57971481638845958062017-11-16T11:22:00.003-08:002017-11-16T11:22:38.279-08:00HISTORY FORM FIVE; POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE<div style="text-align: justify;">
HISTORY I FORM FIVE: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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Independence refers to the total liberation of man from poverty, ignorance, disease, exploitation and oppression.</div>
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Such liberation can be achieved if African political systems can enable their people to plan their economic development and attain prosperity.</div>
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Since independence; African government have attempted various ways of bringing about real independence by improving communication system and expanding education, yet the whole it has proved very difficult for most of African countries to achieve real independence, partly due to colonial legacy.</div>
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COLONIAL LEGACY</div>
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This refers to the long lasting effects which African states inherited from colonialism at independence. Thereare many effects but the outstanding ones are the following;</div>
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I. Effects on the African economies</div>
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Export oriented economies.</div>
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African countries are still exporting raw materials (cash crops and minerals) and importing manufactured goods from the developed countries. African countries produced what they did not consume and consumed what they did not produce. This is a typical feature of distorted economy.</div>
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Monoculture economies.</div>
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Colonial African countries specialized in the production of one majority commodity. Cocoa in Ghana, copper in Zambia and sisal in Tanzania. The danger of this is that market prices may fluctuate any time causing a disadvantage to the producer country.</div>
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Subsistence peasant agriculture.</div>
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Since independence, there have been so fundamental attempts made to mechanize agricultural sector. The production in agricultural sector has qualitative and quantitative low because the main tool of production was the hand hoe.</div>
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Poor transport system.</div>
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Post colonial state inherited a poor transport system, most of the roads and railways are still concentrated in production areas, with this type of transport system, and it was very difficult to attain real development.</div>
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Small and weak industrial sector.</div>
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During the colonial period, the capitalist powers destroyed the African traditional industries so as to make sure that Africa is remaining the market for European manufactured goods and the producer of raw materials. The colonial powers only established import substitution industry and semi processing plant. Africa today has consumer producer industries with these industries; it is very hard to achieve real development.</div>
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II. Cultural effects</div>
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African culture has been despised; it has been substituted by western values, production and consumption patterns, music and dance. As a measure to control the deterioration of African culture in Tanganyika, there was establishment of ministry of education and culture in 1962 so as to revive and initiate all that was useless in the colonial pattern.</div>
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III. Distortion of political systems of African states</div>
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Tribalism</div>
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The colonialists encouraged ethnicism and tribalism; they did so in order to discourage tribal unities or affinities which could emanate into potential threats to the colonial state. This exercise was in accordance with the colonial policy of divide and rule.</div>
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Class and class structure.</div>
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In post colonial Africa, classes have mostly or often being associated with racial grouping were the elites, middle class and the working class stand on racial lines for example the elites and the middle class have continued to dominate commerce while the African majority became peasants and members of the working class.</div>
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POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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There were various changes in the political field that took place in Tanzania after independence. For example: constitutional changes and the introduction of multi – party politics.</div>
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The constitution of Tanzania</div>
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The constitution is the system of laws and principles that a state or an organization is governed by.</div>
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The constitution of a country is a supreme law of a state, it’s more important than any other law in the country.</div>
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The constitution of Tanzania was ratified in 1977. Before the current constitution, Tanzania has had three constitutions i.e.; The Independence Constitution (1961), The Republican Constitution of (1962) and the interim constitution of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.</div>
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THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION (1961 – 1962)</div>
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After the attainment of independence, Tanganyika adopted the first constitution that was based on the west minister model with exclusion of the bill of rights. This constitution defined the governor general as the representative of the queen was the head of state.</div>
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The executive was led by the first minister who was chosen from the majority party.</div>
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THE REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTION (1962 – 1964)</div>
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In 1962, the parliament which comprised of only TANU members formed an assembly and drastically revised the 1961 constitution, most important was the establishment of a strong presidential system. The new president was now given the former roles of the governor general and those of the first minister. He was also given the power to choose a vice president and ministers.</div>
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The president also had power to dismiss the parliament under certain conditions.</div>
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INTERIM CONSTITUTION (1962 –1977)</div>
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In 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form Tanzania. The constitution of the new born country was based on Tanganyika’s 1962 republican constitution which was modified according to the agreements between TANU and the Afro Shiraz party. These agreements had been ratified under the name, “Articles of Union” and became part of the new constitution as “Acts of Union”.</div>
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The most notable feature of the acts of union was the establishment of the double government structure that is also part of Tanzanians current constitution. This structure included one government for the union and one independent government for Zanzibar. The Zanzibar’s government included its own parliament and president. The president of Zanzibar also served as vice president of the union.</div>
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PERMANENT CONSTITUTION (1977 –To date)</div>
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After the formation of CCM in 1977, the permanent constitution was approved. This constitution essentially confronts the main principles of the republican and interim constitution that is strong presidential double government structure and a single party.</div>
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Since 1977, several amendments have been made to the original constitution; many of these are related to the relationship between the united government and the Zanzibar government.</div>
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Significance of constitutional changes to the political development of Tanzania</div>
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There were various effects of the constitution changes to the political development in Tanzania</div>
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1) Liberation from partial independence.</div>
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The 1962 constitutional change liberated Tanzania from partial political independence.</div>
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The country was still under the control of the Queen of England who was represented by the governor general in the country. The 1962 constitution saw the establishment of a constituent assembly that introduced the post of a president who was a Tanzanian.</div>
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2) Introduction of ujamaa.</div>
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The 1967 change, introduced a political ideology of Ujamaa (African Socialism) and self reliance. This provided a political guideline in which the countries development would be attained.</div>
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Ujamaa was one of the two important principles of Arusha Declaration. It aimed at creating a truly socialist state where the society was classless. Ujamaa emphasized absence of exploitation of man by man. The principle aimed at putting the major means of production under the control of peasants and workers.</div>
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3) Introduction of one party system.</div>
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The banning of multiparty politics was significant in creating a solidified and united state so that it could be possible to achieve development. Multiparty politics was seen as recipe for disunity and could invite foreign interaction in the country.</div>
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4) Reintroduction of multi party.</div>
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The 1962 reintroduction of multiparty politics brought openness of the government and created freedom of press, speech and accountability of different actors in the political system of Tanzania.</div>
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It would be noted that one of the reasons for the re introduction of multiparty was the pressure from the donor community.</div>
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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Since independence Tanzania has tried different ways to achieve development, but in the whole, the country is still finding it very difficult to achieve real growth and development. The following are the challenges of Tanzania's economic development</div>
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A. Inadequate capital.</div>
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The absence of adequate capital is one of the crucial factors that have hindered development in the region. African countries rely on loans given by the developed countries, but these loans have conditions attached and came in small trickles thus not able to support development in Africa.</div>
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B. Poor transport system.</div>
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Existence of poor transport systems which were mainly concentrated in productive areas led Tanzania to fail to achieve the goals of multiparty.</div>
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C. Illiteracy</div>
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High levels of illiteracy are one of the factors that have contributed significantly to under development of Tanzania. The colonial education system provided education to a few people along racial and religious lines thus leaving the majority of the people illiterate. Low levels of literacy leads to limited number of skilled people in Tanzania which does not promote development.</div>
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D. Corruption/ embezzlement of the government funds.</div>
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Corruption is one of the major factors that have hindered real development in Tanzania. Government officials especially the presidents have misused public funds. Many governments in Africa, Tanzania inclusively have run bankrupt because of corruption and mismanagement.</div>
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E. Introduction of socialist ideology.</div>
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At the time of independence, Tanzania chooses socialism and self reliance. The government introduced codes that were similar or common in the socialist world including one party system and common ownership of property. This practice cut off Tanzania from the western world and the situation was worsening by the collapse of Soviet Union.</div>
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F. Border conflicts.</div>
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Ever since independence, there have been several conflicts, these conflicts rose from the non important issues. But they have consumed a lot of money and resources. The examples of the border wars are those between Tanzania and Uganda (1978 – 1979) and Tanzania and Malawi (1972).</div>
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G. Massive unemployment.</div>
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Massive unemployment is a situation thrown in the countries attempt to realize economic development. Many students who complete universities and colleges do not get employment due to few job opportunities to make matters worse; most of those who find higher education are job seekers and not job creators. Massive unemployment forces people to live the country hence brain drain.</div>
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H. Health</div>
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The health system in the country is still inadequate to sustain or guarantee all health ends. The doctors, hospitals, dispensaries and health centers are not enough especially in rural and some urban areas. Poor health services forces people to search for services outside the country which are usually expensive thus depleting the meager resources.</div>
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I. Neocolonialism</div>
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Neo colonialism is one of the major problems that hinder development in the country. Tanzania depends on loans and grants from the developed countries but these facilities have strings attached which are always to the advantage of the developed countries.</div>
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THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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In 1970’s and 1980’s independence many African states faced economic crisis whereby they failed to provide basic necessities to their people.</div>
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During this time, foreign debt and drought were the main factors that hindered economic development. Tanzania was also hit by the economic crisis of 1970’s. There were various factors that contributed to this crisis in Tanzania as follows;</div>
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a. Long drought season.</div>
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There was a prolonged drought in Tanzania especially between 1981 and 1984. This droughthit the agricultural sector which was the main sector of the economy. There was a sharp fall in agricultural production which affected the revenue earnings of the country since it depended on the export of agricultural products.</div>
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b. The oil crisis of 1976.</div>
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The oil crisis of 1976 was the major factor that contributed to the economic crisis in Tanzania. There was an increase in oil prices which increased the costs of production hence depleting the limited resources of the country. The resources spent on purchasing oil could have been used to finance other sectors of the economy.</div>
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c. The war against Idd Amin.</div>
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The war against Idd Amin is one of the factors that played a great role in causing the economic crisis in Tanzania. There was a full scale war in 1978 between Tanzania and Uganda, where by Tanzania spent a lot of resources financing the war in which resources would have been used to finance the economy. After the war the economy of Tanzania had been shattered.</div>
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d. The collapse of east African community in 1977.</div>
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The collapse of East African community in 1977 worsens the economic crisis in Tanzania. The special treatment given to goods from Tanzania in the form of loan, taxes was now removed. There was absence of secure market for Tanzanian goods; all these factors had a role to play in causing the economic crisis in the country.</div>
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e. Nationalization of parastatal bodies.</div>
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The introduction of the Arusha declaration forced the government to nationalize parastatal bodies. Various enterprises were put under government control which in most cases failed to effectively administer the enterprises hence leading to their collapse.</div>
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f. Misuse of public office.</div>
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The misuse of public office was one of the factors that have hindered development in Tanzania. Government officials have misused public funds hence the intended budget does not reach the required sectors of the economy.</div>
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STEPS TAKEN BY TANGANYIKA TO SOLVE THE ECONOMIC CRISIS</div>
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There were various steps taken by the government since independence to solve the problems of economic crisis which had a far reaching impact on the masses. The majority of the population in this country is still living below the international poverty line, which is surviving on less than 1 USA dollar.</div>
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The measures to solve the economic crisis were divided into two phases</div>
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A 1961 – 1966.(FIRST PHASE)</div>
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Under this phase, the government aimed at improving agriculture, communication and education based on economist model that included equal opportunity for all. These measures included the following;</div>
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i Socialism and self reliance.</div>
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This is where the government took measures to reduce the salaries of government employees from the president down to normal levels. No civil servants, members of parliament or TANU office holders were supposed to engage in private business. This move aimed controlling corruption among politicians.</div>
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ii Targeted rural development.</div>
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The government diverted resources from urban areas to rural development. This aimed at improving agriculture sector. The government grouped the population into Ujamaa villages in which the people will work together on communal land so that development can benefit the whole community and not a few individuals.</div>
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iii Administrative and education curriculum.</div>
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There were changes in education in order to change from the colonial type to type of education which emphasized socialist ideology. The new values of cooperative basis were encouraged, it was recognized that development plans must be financed by local resources and not to depend on foreign assistance.</div>
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iv Nationalization of land.</div>
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The government decided to nationalize land from the colonialists and distribute it to the people for economic development. This was one of the resolutions of the Arusha declaration where it passed that all major means of production should be in the hands of the local people. This is what led to the nationalization of all foreign banks and other private commercial and manufacturing companies.</div>
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v Removal of head tax.(SECOND PHASE)</div>
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The head tax was so unpopular among the majority of people in rural areas; it increased rather than reduce poverty in the villages. The head tax was inherited from colonialism.</div>
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B 1967 – 1980’s</div>
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· Man power training.</div>
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The government took deliberate measures to improve the labour resources through training in and outside the country. A skilled labour force was very crucial to realize economic development in the country.</div>
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· Development of infrastructure.</div>
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The government also took various measures to improve the transport system. A country would be conducive for investment if it has a good transport system. The government in collaboration with Zambia built the TAZARA railway and Kilimanjaro international airport in the 1970s, these measures also aimed at attracting foreign investment which would help to achieve development.</div>
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· Expansion of agriculture.</div>
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The agricultural sector is the main sector of economy thus the government took deliberate measures to improve agriculture. It introduced slogans like “siasa na kilimo” in 1972 to train farmer’s better methods of farming.</div>
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· Establishment of parastatal bodies.</div>
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The government also established parastatal bodies, such as Tanzania Railway Corporation. National Insurance Corporation and Tanzania electricity supply company (TANESCO) to offer services to the people.</div>
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COLONIAL EDUCATION AND EFFECTS IN TANZANIA UP TO 1961.</div>
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Colonial education was the kind of education that was provided by the colonial government in African continent; Tanzania being among them during the colonial period. This education was formal where by students were supposed to sit in class to access education with a written curriculum. However the curriculum was prepared in Europe 19 th C-20 th C.</div>
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Basically colonial education was provided by two agencies which were churches through introduction of missionary schools and colonial government its self through the establishment of government schools.</div>
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OBJECTIVES OF COLONIAL EDUCATION</div>
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1. Aimed at providing a staff of Africans with adequate capabilities of managing clerical and minor functions in colonial states; where by those who went to secondary schools were expected to civil servants and those who had primary education were expected to be good farmers with skills in crop cultivation and animal husbandry.</div>
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2. Colonial education aimed at perpetuating religious values.</div>
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3. Aimed at perpetuating western civilization/culture.</div>
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4. It was not designed to prepare young people for service of their own country instead it was motivated by a desire to inculcate the values of their societies.</div>
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5. Aimed at supervision of colonial economy like agricultural production so as to make Africa a market for European manufactured goods introduced in the colonies.</div>
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6. It aimed at import of the official ideology of the colonizers like learners were supposed to be obedient, well disciplined and time conscious so as to fulfill the objectives of the colonizers.</div>
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7. It aimed at deafricanization of African people because learners of the colonial education were supposed to follow western values and abandon African values.</div>
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8. It aimed at spreading Christianity religion in African colonies. Africans who belonged to other religions such as Islamic religion were supposed to follow Christianity in order to be admitted in seminaries and government schools.</div>
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IMPACTS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION</div>
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1. Colonial education produced nationalists who led to African independence example; Kamuzu Banda (Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Abdul Nassor (Egypt), etc. All those were the products of colonial education.</div>
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2. Introduced skills to students and pupils where learners of colonial education learnt many things and acquired skills for a short time because education provided by the colonialists had a defined curriculum. For example skills like reading and writing which could be used for communication worldwide.</div>
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3. Colonial education acted as a base for manpower preparation where by many Africans went to schools during colonial education had positions in the governments.</div>
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4. Colonial education resulted to killing of African culture (dissociation of Africans who got colonial education), colonial education alienated educated Africans for their own culture. For example educated Africans discouraged and disrespected anything indigenous and instead they praised European culture.</div>
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5. Led to regional imbalance where by regions with economic resources had more schools than those with less resources for example Kigoma region in Tanzania received less priority in education than cash production areas like Mbeya, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Tanga etc.</div>
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6. Led to discrimination in African continent where by education was provided basing on sex, religion, race and class. For example Colonial education based on race where by Asians, whites and black each had their own separate schools, for example colonial Tanganyika Mkwawa High School currently college of education of University of Dar es salaam saved only the whites, likewise colonial education led to gender inequality where by colonial schools had few girls compare to boys for example in Tanganyika in 1956 there were only 204 girls in secondary schools out of 4409 students in secondary schools.</div>
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7. Resulted to provision of education basing on colonial environment. The African students were taught lessons about European environment and in negative and a little about Africa for example students in geography class were taught about seasons of climate in Europe which were summer, winter,spring and Autumn while those seasons were very strange to African students who are used only to rainy and dry seasons.</div>
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EDUCATION POLICY CHANGES IN TANZANIA (1962 – 1967)</div>
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After independence, there were several changes in the education policy. The aim of these changes was to make education the engine of economic development. The changes included the following;</div>
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a) The government made education a right to all Tanzanians irrespectively of one’s race or level of income. Colonial education had discriminated the Africans in the provision of education whereby preference was given to Europeans and Asians.</div>
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b) There was an increase of primary and secondary school enrollment following the government’s campaign and emphasis on education. Enrollment in colonial education was restricted, the colonialists simply wanted a few Africans who would assist the colonial administrators.</div>
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c) There were changes regarding the content of colonial education. There was introduction of various disciplines and not only the agricultural sector. This was a crucial step in producing educated people with different skills; this move was taken to support development in the country.</div>
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d)The government established the university college of Dar es salaam as the state university. The establishment of the university was to acquire highly educated Tanzanians who will play a leading role in developing the country.</div>
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THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION FOR SELF RELIANCE</div>
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The following were noted by Nyerere in the education system by 1967 (weakness in colonial education)</div>
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i Formal education is basically elitist in nature catering to the needs and interest of a small population who manage to enter formal schooling. In practice the thought of education is training for skills so as to earn high salaries in the modern sector of our economy.</div>
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ii The education system divorces its participants from the society for which they are supposed to be trained.</div>
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iii The system breeds the notion that education is synonymous with formal schooling and people are judged and employed on the basis of their ability to pass examinations and acquire paper qualifications.</div>
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iv The system does not involve its students in productive work such a situation deprives society of their much needed contribution to the increase in national economic output and also breeds among the students contempt for manual work.</div>
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In summary, education for self reliance proposed the following changes in the education system in Tanzania. (Views of education for self reliance)</div>
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1 It should be oriented to rural life. The education system should not divorce people from their society they live in. it should be relevant to the society.</div>
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2 Teachers and students should all engage in productive activities; the students should participate in the planning and decision making process of organizing these activities.</div>
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3 Productive work should become an integral part of the school curriculum and provide meaningful learning experience through the integration of theory and practice.</div>
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4 Examinations should be downgraded. Passing examinations should not be the main goal of the education system, education should prepare its products how to survive i.e. it should be education for life.</div>
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5 Children should begin school at seven years so that they would be old enough and sufficiently mature to engage in self reliant and productive work when they leave school.</div>
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6 Primary education must be complete in itself rather than merely serving as a means to higher education after school. People should be in position to creates jobs and be self reliant.</div>
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7 Students should become self confident and cooperative and develop critical and inquiring minds. The education system had to produce people who can express themselves and are able to work with other.</div>
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Achievements of the education for self reliance in Tanzania</div>
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It cannot be denied that Nyerere’s education for self reliance registered some achievements in Tanzania. Some of the notable achievements are listed here below.</div>
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a) Education was made a right of all Tanzanians.</div>
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This was done irrespectively of one’s race and level of income. There was introduction of free education from primary level to the university thus making it possible for all Tanzanians to have access to education.</div>
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b) Increased literacy rate.</div>
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The policy of education for self reliance played a great role in increasing the literacy rate in the country. Tanzania’s adult literacy rate was among the highest in Africa, it was about 85%. This was due to the deliberate policy of Nyerere to introduce adult education.</div>
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c) Introduction of unity.</div>
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Education for self reliance was very instrumental in the introduction of unity in the country. It was characterized by absence of discrimination and the students who were admitted in secondary schools were posted to different areas in the country besides their home areas, this policy promoted unity in the country.</div>
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d) Regional balance.</div>
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The policy led to regional balance in the country. Colonial education was characterized with regional imbalance where education was mainly offered in production areas thus neglecting other areas which had nothing to offer to the colonialists. Education for self reliance ensured that all regions have access to education.</div>
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e) Use of Swahili.</div>
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Education for self reliance was characterized with the introduction of Swahili as the media of instruction. This language is now the national language of the country and it is very instrumental in reducing aspects of tribalism thus ensuring unity.</div>
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f) Diversification of the education curriculum.</div>
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There was diversification of content in the education system from being mainly agricultural to different disciplines. This was crucial step in producing educated people with different specialties; this move was taken to support development in the country.</div>
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g) Increased enrollment in both primary and secondary schools.</div>
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There was an increase of primary and secondary school enrollment following the government’s campaign and emphasis on education. Enrollment in colonial education was restricted; the colonialists simply wanted few Africans who would assist the colonial administrators.</div>
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NOTE: It should be pointed out that, the attempt to build a socialist and self reliant society through political, economic, social and educational actions has largely failed. Since 1986 in particular, the united republic of Tanzania was been steadily moving to the right. The country is now much more integrated into the capitalist world system than it was at the time of independence. However one cannot deny the achievements registered by the policy of self reliance.</div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-51696593249760980292017-11-16T11:13:00.003-08:002017-11-16T11:13:41.115-08:00FROM COLONIALISM TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1880S-1914) COLONIAL RIVALRY IN AFRI<b>TOPIC 4: FROM COLONIALISM TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1880S-1914) COLONIAL RIVALRY IN AFRICA</b><div>
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The development of capitalism in Europe led to the development of the industrial revolution which started in Britain in 1750 and by the end of the18 th century Britain was the only industrialized nation in the world. However in the 19 th century, other European countries such as France, Belgium, Germany and Italy also industrialized.</div>
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<br />The industrialization of almost all European countries meant that there was no area to expand within European hence there was the need to find colonies. From 1870 monopoly capitalism demanded for the following:-<br />(a) Markets<br />(b) Raw materials<br />(c) Cheap labor<br />(d) Investment areas<br />(e) Areas to resettle surplus labor force.<br />Therefore the demands made capitalism to change to its monopolistic stage called imperialism. Colonialism was therefore linked with the development of capitalism in Europe, in the sense that it was undertaken to meet the demands of capitalism.</div>
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<br /><b>THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA</b><br />The scramble for Africa refers to the way European powers struggled among themselves to acquire colonies in Africa while the partition of Africa refers to the different steps taken by the European powers to divide Africa into territories and fixing colonial boundaries.<br />The major European powers that were involved in this exercise were Britain, Germany, France, Portugal and Belgium.<br />By 1880’s it was only Africa which was not colonized therefore it became the centre of imperialist attention which was driven by the development of capitalism.</div>
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<b>FACTORS THAT DETERMINED THE CONFIGURATION OR THE PATTERN OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA</b></div>
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<br />During the scramble and partition of Africa; there were some areas that witnessed serious conflicts among the imperialist powers for example the Congo Niger basin. There were various factors that determined the pattern of the scramble for and partition of Africa.<br />(a) Accessibility into the interior of Africa.<br />The imperialist powers scrambled for those areas that offered means of transport into the interior of Africa. These powers were interested in the interior because they wanted raw materials and markets where they can sell their manufactured goods. This explains why the Congo River was competed from the Belgium, France, and Portugal and the Niger River were competed for by France, Britain and Germany.<br />(b) Strategic factors.<br />This is one of the factors that determined the pattern of the scramble and the partition of Africa. Britain controlled Egypt because of the Suez Canal which was used to transport raw materials and manufactured goods into and outside Africa.<br />Britain also controlled Uganda because it wanted to protect the source of river Nile which is found in Uganda.<br />(c) Agricultural potentialities.<br />The imperial powers struggled for areas that had fertile soils that could support the growth of cash crops. Various powers struggled for the Congo and Niger rivers because the areas around the rivers were very fertile and therefore suitable for cash crop production.<br />(d) Mineral potentialities.<br />The imperials powers struggled for areas that had minerals in large quantities. Colonies such as Zimbabwe was very vital because it had large amounts of gold and diamond. Many imperialist powers were also interested in the Congo (DRC) because of the existence of large quantities of copper.<br />(e) Population<br />Population was one of the major factors that determined the nature of the scramble and partition of Africa. The colonial powers struggled for those areas with high population because they ensured constant supply of cheap labor and ready markets for the European manufactured goods.</div>
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<br /><b>ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE OF AFRICA</b><br />The partition of Africa marked the end of Africa’s political independence and the beginning of subjection to foreign rule. In the event of establishing colonial rule, the European powers used different methods depending on nature and attitude of the nature population. Sometimes the methods depended on the prevailing circumstances on the ground such as geographical location of the colony.<br />The tactics that were used to establish colonial rule include the following:-<br />(a) Treaty signing<br />(b) Use of military force<br />(c) Alliances<br />(d) Gun butt diplomacy<br />(e) Mercenary technique<br />(f) Berlin conference<br />(a) Treaty signing.<br />This was one of the most common techniques that were used to establish colonial rule in Africa. The European powers urged African leaders to sign treaties with the European claiming to give protection against their local and foreign enemies. Karl Peters signed treaties African chiefs in Tanganyika which put Tanganyika under German control.<br />Moffat an Anglican Missionary encouraged Lobengula.<br />(b) Use of Military force.<br />Sometimes direct military confrontation was used to establish colonial rule in Africa. The military was used in areas that resisted the establishment of colonial rule. The British used military force against the Nandi in Kenya and the Germans used force against the Hehe and Abushiri in Tanganyika.<br />The colonial powers used force because they were determined to establish their rule in Africa so as to exploit African resources.<br />(c) Alliances.<br />This method was used in areas were two societies were in conflict, that is situation of enmity. The colonial powers allied with one society against the other one and then controlled all of them together. In Tanganyika the German sided with Sango and Bena against Hehe and in central Africa, the British allied with chief Lewanika of lozi Kingdom against lobengula of the Ndebele people in Zimbabwe.<br />This led to the defect of Lobengula and the final colonization of Zimbabwe by the British<br />(d) Gun butt diplomacy.<br />This was the tactique where the colonial powers had threatened to use force but they did not actually use force. This method aimed at forcing African into submission. This method was used by British against King Jaja of Opobo in West Africa.<br />(e) Mercenary Technique.<br />In this policy, colonial powers used Africans to establish their rule in Africa. Here they used people who had no blood ties with the people who are being invaded for example the Germans used the Rugaruga in Tanganyika.<br />(f) Berlin Conference.<br />This was one of the methods used to establish colonial rule in Africa. This conference legalized the scramble for and partition of Africa. It laid down the principles that were to be followed when controlling Africa. One of the principles was effective occupation of African territories.</div>
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<br /><b>THE COLONIAL STATE</b><br />The colonial state refers to the extension of the metropolitan state in the colony. The colonial state was established immediately after scramble for and partition of Africa. It was followed by the establishment of the colonial economy.<br />The colonial state was an instrument of the colonialists and not the African masses. It was responsible for the exploitation and oppression of the colonies.<br />Objectives of the colonial state:-<br />(a) The colonial state was supposed to provide a link between the colonies and the metropolitan state. It had to ensure that the demands of the capitalists are satisfied such as the acquisition of raw materials and markets.<br />(b) The colonial state was supposed to enforce laws and orders in the colony. These laws were supposed to ensure that the interests of the capitalists are protected.Laws concerning land alienation and taxation were meant to ensure the exploitation of African resources.<br />(c) The colonial state was supposed to suppress or control African resistance against colonial. The suppression of African resistance aimed at ensuring that there is a good atmosphere for the exploitation of African resources. This explains why resistances such as Maji maji in Tanganyika and Nandi in Kenya had to be defeated at any cost.<br />(d) The colonial state was supposed to construct physical infrastructure such as roads and railways. These establishments could not be established by individual capitalists thus it was the duty of the colonial state to establish them. The roads and railways facilitated the colonial economy by transporting raw materials and manufactured goods.<br />(e) The colonial state was supposed to supervise colonial production in the colonies. The Africans in the colonies were supposed to produce cash crops and minerals that were needed in the metropolitan capitalist countries. Primarily the colonial economy was supposed to respond to the demands of the metropolitan economies.<br />(f) The colonial state was supposed to provide security and protection to the white settlers. The colonial state established the judiciary, prisons and the police. The colonial state was imposed on the Africans thus it received state was imposed on the Africans thus it received resistance from the Africans, thus the colonial state had to ensure the safety of the Africans.<br /><br /><b>SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE COLONIAL ECONOMY</b><br />Significance of agriculture in colonial economy within African colonies may be seen from the advantages which colonialists got after the establishment of agriculture and to less extent Africans also benefited.<br />1. Agriculture led colonialists to get raw materials such as (cotton, tea, sisal, Pyrethrum, cocoa.etc)that were needed in their capitalists industries for more development.<br />2. Expansion of market for European manufactured goods such as Agricultural tools.<br />3. It destroyed African technology in order to avoid competition with African technology.<br />4. Facilitated exploitation of African resources for the benefit of European capitalist, resources being both human and natural resources.<br />5.Agriculture boosted the development of industries in Europe because industries operated nicely because of enough availability of raw materials.<br />6. Agriculture led to the construction of social services infrastructure like schools which prepared African elites such Mwl. Julius Kambarage Nyerere, Jomo Kenyatta and hospitals.Other physical infrastructures like roads and railways were contracted for transporting raw material from productive areas to the coast to full fill the interests of capitalists.</div>
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<br /><b>HOW THE COLONIAL STATE WAS VIOLENT</b><br />The main objective of the colonial state was to establish the colonial economy that would respond to the demands of the metropolitan economies, in establishing such an economy. The colonialists used extreme violence and that is why many scholars such as Frants Fanon asserted that, the colonial state was the most violent.<br />The colonial state used various measures to ensure that the needs of capitalism are met; these measures show that the colonial state was violent.<br />(a) Colonial conquest.<br />The colonial state used the military during the establishment of colonial rule. Those African societies that put up stiff resistance against the colonialists, the colonial state responded by using force e.g. Force was used by the British against the Nandi in Kenya and by the Germans against the Hehe in Tanganyika.<br />(b) Exploitation, which included<br />· Introduction of taxes.<br />The colonial state introduced taxes such as the pole and hut taxes as ways of getting revenue to run the colonies. The collection of these taxes was done in a very brutal manner. Those Africans who failed to pay taxes were usually flogged and some were even killed, these actions show the violent nature of the colonial state.<br />· Acquisition of cheap labour.<br />The colonial state used violent means to acquire labour. It introduced various labor laws in Africa to ensure constant supply of labor on economic enterprises; these labor laws include the Kipande system in Kenya and the pass laws in South Africa and Zimbabwe. When the Africans failed to provide labor, punishment was meted out.<br />· The colonial policy of land alienation was associated with use of violence.<br />Land alienation was supposed to create room for cash crop production and mining activities. The police used to force people away from their land so that it can be used for colonial production.<br />(c) Suppression of African resistance against the colonial economy.<br />The colonial state used force to crash Africans, who resisted the establishment of colonial economy. The colonial state used the military against the Nama- Herero resistance in Namibia and the Majimaji in Tanganyika.<br />(d) Destruction of African traditional industries.<br />The colonial state destroyed African traditional industries to ensure that Africa remains a producer of raw materials and a market for European manufactured goods. The destruction of these industries involved the use of force. E.g. in Belgian Congo the colonial state decided it was illegal for Africans to engage in handcraft industries, those who are caught will have their hands chopped off.<br />(e) Distribution of colonial social services.<br />The distribution of colonial social services such as education and health involved the use of violence (psychological). These services were made available only in those areas where the production of raw materials took place. E.g. in Tanganyika there was mainly offered in Arusha , Morogoro etc. Those areas that had nothing to offer to the colonialists were danced education.<br />NOTE:-<br />Given the above scenario; one rightly assets that the colonial state was the most violent or ruthless because it used the element of force to satisfy the interests of the capitalists in the metropolitan countries.</div>
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<br /><b>FACTORS WHICH DETERMINED THE INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE IN THE COLONIES.</b></div>
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<br />(i) Dense population made it difficult for and alienation to be practiced. Settler and plantation agriculture was impossible to develop, thus peasant agriculture was reinforced.<br />(ii) Centralized and strong kingdoms were preferred for indirect rule and a peasants economy rather than settle and plantation system were introduced. These kingdoms proved to be on the establishment of settler agriculture. In this regard, peasant agriculture was introduced. The notable examples are Buganda and Northern Nigeria.<br />(iii) Different governors preferred peasant agriculture. For example, Governor Harry John stone of Uganda and Governors Horrace, Byatt and Sir Donald Cameroon of Tanganyika preferred peasant agriculture.<br />(iv) Territorial and nationality problems. Before 1919, Tanganyika was ruled by Germans, but after the First World War, it was ruled by the British. Disagreements appeared regarding various issues of administration and the creation of a settler colony. Thus peasant agriculture dominated in many parts of Tanganyika.<br />(v) There was always a labour supply problem when the economy favored. only one crop.<br />(vi) Nature of the crops. Certain crops such as cotton, coffee and cocoa needed great care and could not be mixed easily with other systems of agriculture.<br />(vii) Climate condition. Some area were thought to be unfit for the European settlement as far as climate condition was concerned. The notable examples are Nigeria and Uganda. In these areas, peasant agriculture was encouraged.<br />(viii) In case for mandate territories after the world War II, colonies would be granted independence. Therefore, no settle could be invited because they were preparing for majority rule. The notable examples are Tanganyika and Cameroon.<br />(ix) soil fertility favour plantation agriculture to cultivate different crops. Hence plantation agriculture encouraged fore example: Morogoro in Tanganyika</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-24212721470290601992017-11-16T07:14:00.004-08:002017-11-16T07:14:48.354-08:00TOPIC 5: COLONIAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL SERVICES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR<br />HISTORY ONE FORM FIVE: COLONIAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL SERVICES AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR<br /><br /><br />By the end of the 19 th century European powers had already suppressed African resistance and extended their rule almost throughout the entire continent, the countries that were subjected to colonial rule by this time were Ethiopia and Liberia.<br />Colonial economies were established in Africa over a span of years. During that period African self sufficient economic were transformed and made inferior. The colonialists reorganize the traditional African societies to meet their selfish interests.<br />The colonial economy refers to the production and consumption patterns that existed in Africa during the colonial period. The colonial economy was imposed on the Africans.<br />Specific objectives<div>
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<br />i. Analyse agricultural policies and strategies undertaken to improve. Agricultural production in the colonies during and after the second world war.<br />ii. Analyse the various development schemes undertaken in the colonies<br />iii. Explain the objectives of introducing progressive or master farmers<br />iv. Discuss the reasons for introducing cooperatives and marketing boards.<br />Objectives of the colonial economy<br />There are various economic reasons that made the colonial powers to establish the colonial economy in Africa. These are the following:-<br />1. Need for markets<br />- By the late 19th century, the industries in Europe were producing more industrial goods than Europeans could consume, Industrialists encourage their government to undertake colonization in Africa in order to protect markets for their Industrial goods. - There was over production in Europe where their goods were unmarketable, hence they decide to come Africa to find market for their goods products. The colonial powers were looking for areas where they can sell their manufacture goods.<br />2. Need for raw material - They were looking for cheap raw material such as cotton, minerals. They took material in Africa to European Industries -Colonial power were established processing Industries in Africa so that they can process material before they took to their countries. Example cotton and sisal. - In 19th century experienced the Industrial revolution, so they nee industrial production like mode of production, which include human resources , capital resources and natural resources - European Industrial were dependent on raw materials from Asia, America and Africa - They Need raw materials to feed their industries in Europe, Example: cotton,<br />They were looking for cheap raw material because in Europe they had been exhausted and the remaining ones were quiet expensive.<br />3. Need for investment.<br />-They need to get Investment areas, They had large capital which made them to unable to sell their product: -There was high population in Europe and shortage of land, rich people were control land where poor become landless.<br />They were looking for areas where they can invest their excess capital; they could not invest in Europe because the markets were saturated.<br />4. Need for cheap labour.<br />They need cheap labour, Industrial revolution in Europe introduced new machine which replaced human labour after abolition of slave trade<br />The colonial powers were searching for cheap labour. Labor was expensive in Europe because the workers were demanding for high wages.<br />These motives clearly show that the colonial powers established the colonial economy not to serve the Africans, but to satisfy their own selfish interests.<br />Characteristics of the colonial economy:-<br />1. Export-Import oriented.<br />The colonial economies were export oriented because they were based on the export of raw materials both mineral and agricultural and importation of manufactured goods from Europe.<br />2. Monoculture economies<br />The colonial economies were specialized in the production of the major commodity for example Mauritius specialized in the production of sugar, Ghana, Zambia and Zaire in Cocoa now the Democratic Republic of the Congo specialized in the production of copper.<br />3. Manufacturing sector was small and weak.<br />The manufacturing sector was small and weak because the colonial powers discouraged the establishment of heavy manufacturing industries in Africa. Africa had to remain a producer of raw materials and a market for European manufactured goods. The few industries that were established were semi–processing industries that aimed at reducing the weight of raw materials to facilitate their exportation of Europe.<br />4. Production was based on coercion.<br />The colonial economy was imposed on the Africans and they were forced to produce for the export market rather than their own consumption consequently there was no time to produce food which led to frequent famine in Africa.<br />5. Exploitation<br />· Land alienation.<br />Land alienation involved taking land from the Africans so as to create room for cash crop production and mining activities. The land that was taken was the land which was fertile and had minerals in large quantity land alienation was common in settle colonies such as Zimbabwe and Kenya.<br />· Taxation.<br />The colonial economy was characterized with the introduction of taxes such as the poll and hut taxes. Taxes were introduced as an indirect way of getting labor. To get money to pay the taxes, the African had to sell their labor thus the colonialist got both cheap labor and cash crops.<br />METHODS USED BY THE COLONIAL POWERS TO ESTABLISH THE COLONIAL ECONOMY IN AFRICA<br />The colonial economy was established through recreation, destruction and preservation.<br />A. Creation:-It was a method established by European to Introduce new element that were not existed in the native areas.<br />Under creation new elements were introduced by the colonial powers on the traditional African economy. These elements include the following:-1. Land alienation, By occupying method and dividing land. Example: North Tanzania, high land were created as production area while south and central Tanzania were created as labour reserve.<br />Land alienation involved the grabbing of land from the Africans as a way of getting areas where the growing of cash crops and mining activities could take place. It was the fertile land and land with minerals in large quantities that was taken by the colonialists. Land alienation was common in settle colonies such as Kenya and Zimbabwe.<br />2. Taxation.<br />The colonial powers introduced taxation as an indirect way of getting cheap labor. To pay taxes the Africans had to sell their labor on the colonial farms, in this way the colonialists acquired both cheap labor and cash crops that were needed as raw materials in Europe. Example: hat tax ,matiti tax and head tax.<br />3. Forced cash crop production.<br />The colonial powers forced Africans to produce cash crops such as coffee, cotton and sisal which were needed as raw materials. The Africans produced cash crops at the expense of food crops; this explains the widespread occurrence of famine in colonial Africa.<br />4. Introduction of the monetary system.<br />The colonialists introduced money as a medium of exchange; to get money the Africans had to sell their labor on the farms thus the colonialists obtained both the cheap labor and cash crops which were the needs of the colonial economy. -Exchange of goods or service by using coins or paper money.<br />5. Destruction- Greate forced labour, labour were completed to work in the collonial farmers, Forced labour was required to reduce costs that were needed in public services. Africa chiefs were forced to produce labour at low cost.<br />The colonial powers destroyed Africans traditional industries, by this policy all industries were to remain in Europe and Africa was to be a source of markets for European manufactured goods and a producer of raw materials. The traditional industries were destroyed in two main ways i.e. force and competition.<br />1. Force<br />Here different laws were passed by the colonial government that threatened the African from engaging in industrial activities for example in the Congo one would have his arms chopped off if he engaged in industrial activities.<br />2. Competition<br />Here the colonial powers imported high quality products from Europe in order to destroy the markets for the local products. They Introduced processing Industries<br />C. Preservation<br />The colonialists preserved some elements of the pre–colonial African economies.<br />1.The basic tool of production remained to be the hand hoe except that this one was imported. There were no improvements in the tools of productive force.<br />2. The pre – capitalist relations of production were preserved for example the feudal relations of production, but these served the interests of the colonialists.<br />3. The basic unit of production remained to be the family; this limited the division of labor and also hindered the development of science and technology.<br />COLONIAL ECONOMY<br />The colonial economy refers to all production and consumption activities found in Africa during the colonial period. The Second World War which took place between 1939 and 1945 had a significant impact on the capitalist powers and they spent huge sums of money financing the war, it is estimated the loss of Second World War was $ 13,849,000,000.<br />The destruction of the capitalist economies forced the European powers to introduce various changes in the colonial economy.<br />Conolonial economy was anchored on five important sectors namely:-<br />(i) AGRICULTURE<br />(ii) MINING<br />(iii) PROCESSING INDUSTRIES<br />(iv) COMMERCE<br />(v) TRANSPORT<br />1. AGRICULTURE:<br />The main aim of colonial agricultural policy was to promote the production of cash crops for export, to feed the industrial of the metro Politician states, integrate the Africans into capitalist system through growing cash crops in which they wail sell, stimulate capital investment and maximization of pro by buying African crops at low prices and paying to wages.<br />Three types of Agriculture were established namely settle economy, plantation economy, and peasant economy<br />1. PEASANT AGRICULTURE ECONOMY<br />This involved the small –scale production of cash crops by individuals for purpose of coming cash and providing food for survival colonial rule.<br />The peasant and cash crop forms of agriculture were area transferring part of subsistence farming to the cash sector but the create part of the pre-colonial system of product social control unchanged.<br />In Ghana, Ivory Coast and western Nigeria, the British colonial administration wanted the peasant to devote much of their time and energy to the cultivation of cocoa and coffee.<br />CHARACTERISTICS OF PEASANT AGRICULTURE:<br />(i) It was based on land units which were very small bed of the big are as being directly populated<br />(ii) There were individual ownership of land<br />(iii) There were intercropping in order to maintain various and cash crops at the same time<br />(iv) Elementary tools such as hoes and arrows were used as instruments of labour.<br />(v) There was hardly any use of scientific methods of farming.<br />FACTORS THAT FAVORED PEASANT AGRICULTURE:<br />(i) Dense population made it difficult for land alienation to be used. Hence, settler and plantation agriculture impossible<br />(ii) Centralized Kingdom proved to be tough on the establishment settler agriculture<br />(iii) There was always a labour supply problem when the economy favored only one crop.<br />(iv) Peasant agriculture was cheaper in the production of materials and settlers needed big capital, land, modern equipment<br />SETTLER ECONOMY:<br />This involved production by foreigners. These foreigners usual presented the interests of the metropole (i.e. their main interest were mining and agriculture in the colonized countries).<br />The promotion of agricultural production was to go hand in hand with white settlements in Africa, especially in those areas that were fertile.<br />Settlers settled in big numbers in central Africa (Malaysia, Zambia, Zimbabwe), South Africa, parts of French equatorial Africa, French West Africa, and in East Africa (Kenya).<br />FEATURES OF SETTLER ECONOMY:<br />(i) Land alienation with differently issue land ordinaries, in 1900 the land occupation ordinance was enacted in Zambia.<br />The ordinance required that Europeans who had been allocated land must occupy and use that land or otherwise they would pay taxes for leaving such land redundant.<br />In Kenya in 1597, the land regulation office set as vacant land for European settlements, in 1902, the owner land ordinance allowed the commissioner to sell or give crown land to the Europeans, and large scale land alienation in Kikuyu began.<br />(ii) Forced labour: The French, German land Portuguese follow a similar policy of forced labour and unpaid labour.<br />Forced labour was required to reduce costs that were needed in public services. In Zimbabwe in 1897, the Nature egulation Act was passed, forcing African chiefs to produced labourers at law coast.<br /> (iii) Taxation: the hut tax was introduced in Malawi in early 1890 in Zimbabwe in 1898, and in Zambia in 1900. In Kenya the Hut Tax was introduced in 1980, and poll tax in 1910.<br />The intention of the tax was to cover administrative expansion ways by which Africans would be forced to work in European farms and mines in order to raise money to pay their taxes.<br />(iv)Migrant labour were transported from far away places to work in settler plantations.<br />(v) The development of infrastructures to serve the settlers.<br />1. PLANTATION AGRICULTURE<br />i) Was a very distinctive from of cultivation in which specialized commercial crops were grown.<br />ii) It employed large of number of unskilled lobourers who more brought to supervise and work. On the other hand, plantation agriculture extended monoculture during colonialism.<br />iii) In West Africa, French settlers owned Senegal groundnuts and cocoa farms. German settlers owned Dohomey palm oil and the fire stone Rubber Company of the U S A opened its plantation in Liberia in 1926. The other plantation in Tog were owned by the German and other in Ghana and Nigeria were owned by the British.<br />iv) In east Africa, Kenyan tea, pyrethrum and effect were owner by British seltters. Sisal plantation in Tanga and Morogoro are owned by Germans and sugarcane plantation in Uganda were owned by the Indians (mujidival).<br />v) In Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia, plantations were by the British while in Mozambique and Angola plantations were owned by the Portuguese.<br />CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATION AGRICULTURE<br />i. They were larger estates covering over 100 acres each<br />ii. Production was mainly for export and market oriented<br />iii. The government ensure a constant supply of cheap laborer, they needed intensive labour<br />iv. Plantation were scientifically-managed and involved the use of machine and fertilizer for qualitative and quantitatives out put to meet the demands of the metropole.<br />v. Larger land was needed for commercial agriculture. This was led to land alienation<br />2. MINING<br />i) Mining was very important and one the pillars of the colonial economy, it accelerated the exploitation of Africa<br />ii) In West Africa there were coal mines at Enugu,tin mines in jos plateau in Northern Nigeria and gold mines in Ghana, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone and Silver in sierra leone<br />iii) In central Africa, there was gold and coal in southern Rhodesia, copper, tin, zinc and lead in the Belgian congo, copper and leadin Zambia and diamond and oil in Angola<br />iv) In East Africa, there was diamond in mwadui ,gold in Geita and Musoma (Tanganyika) and copper in kilembe (Uganda)<br />3. TRADING COMPANIES.<br />i) Under colonial rule, there emerged many companies that claimed to import and export goods into and out from African colonies, some were huge companies some were petty companies and some were fake companies but all of them come to exploit African resources.<br />ii) Among these were very big companies including.<br />- Companies franchise Afriques occidental (C.T.A.O)<br />- Socrete commercial Quest African (S.C.Q.A)<br />- The United African Company (U.A.C)<br />- Ronrho<br />iii) In East Africa<br />- Smith maokenzie (ascothah Company of maennon)<br />- Ralli Brothers<br />- Leslie and Anderson<br />- Broke Bond<br />iv) These companies were responsible for expatriating great amounts of wealth from Africa<br />v) Many of these companies started during the slave, They engaged in the following works:<br />- They bought raw material cheaply in Africa and exported<br />- They insured the property of the seltters.<br />- They imported manufacture goods.<br />- They invested in mines and plantations.<br />A) CHANGES IN COLONIAL AGRICULTURE<br />Colonial agriculture was the main sector of the colonial economy so as to produce cash crops that were needed as raw materials by the capitalists industries. Emphasis was laid on the production of cash crops and not food crops.<br />The changes in colonial agriculture included the following:-<br />(i) Establishment of progressive master farmers.<br />The colonial state introduced progressive farmers under peasant agriculture; these farmers are given modern farming tools, loans and could hire labor. The main goal of the colonial state was to increase the production of cash crops.<br />(ii) Introduction of agricultural development schemes and plans.<br />This is where there was introduction of scientific methods of agriculture; these included terracing schemes in the hilly areas to avoid soil erosion, restocking so as to increase animal husbandry and modernization and a forestation to keep soil fertility and prevent soil erosion.<br />(iii) Introduction of agricultural experiments in the colonies.<br />The goal of the agricultural experiments was to introduce new cash crops for example there was introduction of groundnuts to solve the problem of edible oil in Europe, palm oil was introduced in Kongwa, Nachingwea and Urambo.<br />(iv) Setup of settlement schemes.<br />This is where the colonial state was shifting farmers to fertile places so as to avoid more room for cash crop production. All the fertile land in pre–colonial Africa was supposed to be subjected to cash crop production.<br />(v) Development of state farms.<br />The colonial state introduced state farms so as to reduce its dependence on subsidies from the metro-pole. These farms were supposed to generate revenue that was needed to run the colonial administration. State farms were very common in French colonies in West Africa.<br />THE FAILURE OF COLONIAL AGRICULTURAL REFORMS<br />Some of the reforms that were carried out by the colonial state failed to meet their expected goals, they failed due to various reasons:-<br />(i) Existence of poor soils.<br />Some of the land chosen for those agricultural reforms was not suitable for cash crop production thus leading to low yields. Yet the colonialists wanted to maximize agricultural output.<br />(ii) Poor administration.<br />Most of these agricultural projects were run by ex-soldiers who did not have the expertise to fully manage them. The absence of skilled personnel contributed greatly to the failure of the projects.<br />(iii) Opposition from the natives.<br />The establishment of agricultural reforms faced resistance from the natives; these schemes were viewed by the natives as ways of exploiting them. Various riots and strikes were staged against the schemes thus contributing to their failure.<br />(iv) Poor planning.<br />Most of the schemes collapse because of poor planning. The groundnuts scheme in Tanganyika collapsed because little time was taken to assess the suitability of the land chosen.<br />(v) Inadequate funds.<br />Most of the project wanted large sums of money which were not available especially after the Second World War. Inadequate funds hindered the successful implementation of the agricultural projects.<br />INTRODUCTION OF MASTER FARMING SYSTEM (PROGRESSIVE FARMING SYSTEM)<br />Master farming system was done by making African peasants to become involved in intensive production of raw materials.<br />OBJECTIVES UNDER MASTER FARMING SYSTEM<br />1. Selection of few African peasants to be developed by giving them assistance like technical assistance in the processes involved in agricultural production.<br />2. Provision of labor, capital and fertilizers to African farmers in order to produce raw materials, the reason behind was to attract others to engage in production of raw materials.<br />3. Encourage more Africans to grow cash crops because African peasants were given low prices and the cost of production was low.<br />4. Creation of model farmers in order to influence others to grow more cash crops,<br />5. Introduction of agricultural schools and agricultural production of raw materials. For example Ukiriguru in Mwanza, Amboni-Tanga, Uyole in Mbeya, Lindi.etc. All these aimed at getting agricultural extension officers who could provide advice to African farmers on how to grow cash crops.<br />6. Introduction and expansion of cooperative farmers (union). For example KNCU (Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative Union), Nyanza.etc in order to advice more farmers to produce raw materials and to fix the prices of African agricultural crops.<br />7. Destocking schemes were adopted in African colonies in order to make Africans to concentrate on production of raw materials only and not on cattle keeping. For example in Sukuma land and Mburu land (Maasai).<br />8. Production policy was adopted by colonialists in African colonies where by Africans were invited to live in more productive areas and concentrate in production of raw materials. For example in sukuma land, more farmers were forced and invited to live in Geita which allowed production of more cotton.<br />OBJECTIVES OF THE CHANGES IN COLONIAL AGRICULTURE<br />1. It was aimed at getting agricultural extension offices that could help African to produce raw materials for the benefits of Europeans.<br />2. It aimed to provide agricultural education to African peasants hence more agricultural schools and colleges were built in several African areas. Therefore the colonial education helped the colonialist to get Africans who were able to mobilize their fellow Africans and provide agricultural expert advice to Africans in order to increase production of raw materials.<br />3. It aimed at increasing production of raw materials through giving Africans agricultural knowledge on better ways of practicing agriculture.<br />4.It aimed at conducting researches which necessitated the production of various agricultural raw materials and testing agricultural crops. Example the agricultural research helped the colonialists to know where some crops were in the right location for planting a particular type of crop example; Sisal in Tanga, Cotton in Sudan and Palm oil in Nigeria.<br />5. It aimed to get African labor that could help the colonialist to produce more cash crops needed in the capitalist industries for their own development.<br />6. It aimed to get more and large land from Africans for agricultural production.<br />7. It aimed to get areas for investment, More areas in African colonies were needed for European investment due to the fact that the capital accumulated from agricultural production was to be invested in other economic sectors such as financial institutions, industries, trade and commerce.etc.<br />EFFECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REFORMS IN AFRICA<br />The implementation of the agricultu<br /><br />EFFECTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REFORMS IN AFRICA<br />The implementation of the agricultural schemes in Africa had a great impact.<br />1. The schemes contributed the introduction of classes among the farmers. Under peasant agricultural there was creation of a group of farmers known as progressive or masters farmers who were given loans by the colonial state and could hire labor and on the other hand there were peasants who were not given any of these privileges by the colonial state.<br />2. The schemes contributed to class consciousness among the peasants. The peasants produced various products which they sold to the colonial state, but the colonial state bought them at very low prices. The exploitation to which the peasants were subjected contributed to the rise of class consciousness.<br />3. There were various riots and strikes by the natives in the various colonies. The low prices at which the colonial states were buying the products contributed to the outbreak of various riots and strikes.<br />4. The schemes have contributed to making the agricultural sector to be the backbone of the economy in Africa. It should be noted that the colonial state did not make attempts to mechanize agriculture; this is why the agricultural sector is still backward.<br />5. The schemes contributed to increase in the volume of exports to the metropolitan countries which enabled them to reconstruct their economies that had been devastated by the Second World War.<br />6. The schemes contributed to environmental degradation which was due to over utilization of land. The colonialist wanted to receive their economies that had been destroyed by Second World War thus they had to utilize African land to the maximum which depleted the resources.<br />7. There was increase in industrialization on the form of processing industries which aimed at reducing the weight of raw materials to keep freight charges low. These industries solidified the linkage between the colonies and the colonial powers because the processed products had to be taken and the finishing industries were located at Europe.<br />8. The schemes contributed to the emergence of a commercial group, these were the middlemen such as the Indians in East Africa and Lebanese in West Africa. These middlemen brought products from the peasants at low prices and sold them to the colonial state at high prices.<br />B. THE COLONIAL INDUSTRIAL SECTOR<br />The industrial sector was the smallest of all the sectors of the colonial economy. It should be noted that before the First World War. These were the only processing industries that aimed of reducing the weight of raw materials to keep the Freight charges low. The examples of these industries were the cotton and coffee ginneries.<br />After the Second World War the capitalist powers established import substitution industries, there were industries that produced goods which were formerly imported from Europe.<br />Import substitution industries.<br />There were industries that were formed by the capitalist powers to produce goods that will replace the ones imported from Europe. The main goal of these industries was to produce consumer goods mainly for the white settlers and few Africans, African civil servants; these goods included soap, cigarettes, and tooth paste.<br />Features of import substitution industries:-<br />(a) Light industries.<br />- All the import substitution industries were light industries. They avoided the establishment of heavy manufacturing industries so as to ensure that they create competition with goods coming from Europe.<br />(b) Production of consumer goods.<br />The import substitute industries were based on the production of consumer goods such as biscuits, soap and cigarettes. These industries were producing goods for the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and a few African petty bourgeoisie's. The industries were not producing goods for the African masses.<br />(c) Labor intensive.<br />The industries were using labor intensive technology. They used more labor than machines. The colonialists were relevant to import advanced technology, because their goal was to exploit African resources.<br />(d) Uneven distribution.<br />The industries were unevenly distributed; they were mainly located in urban centers where most of the white settlers were found. The industries were producing goods for the white settlers.<br />(e) Owned by foreigners.<br />These industries aimed at exploiting African resources to the maximum so as to generate more profits for the capitalists.<br />CHANGES IN COLONIAL LABOR POLICIES.<br />Colonial labor refers to African labor force used by colonialists in their colonial economic sectors like in Agriculture, mining, trade and commerce, industrial sector etc. During the colonial period i.e. soon after the second world war (1939-1945). The colonialists emphasized on large quantity of raw materials and export commodities in the colonies so as to help the colonialists in economic recovery program in their metropolitan countries. In order to attain these demands, the colonialists were forced to adapt new labor policies in the colonies hence the post war period experienced effective mobilization and utilization of African labor .The following techniques and mechanisms were used.<br />1. Rehabilitation and creation of infrastructure system in the colonies. There was introduction of railway harbor and parts were constructed and rehabilitation in African colonies from the coastal areas to the interior where African laborers and producers of raw materials were found or lived.<br />2. Improvement of working condition in plantation and mining areas. This was done by the colonialists in order to motivate African laborers to move in mining and plantation areas to offer their labor power. This ensured a constant supply of migrant labor. For example, there was improvement of wage labor, provision of social services, shortening working hours.<br />3. Consolidation of labor recruiting agencies in the colonies, this was done in order to ensure a constant supply of labor in the colonies for agricultural production of raw materials, mining production and construction of infrastructure system like roads, ports and harbor.etc. For example we had WENELA in central Africa which recruited African labor from southern Rhodesia to South Africa in order to ensure labor power.<br />4. Assignment of special duties, quotas and other working conditions in different colonies. For Example peasants were assigned different duties, quotas per season in order to make African peasants fully involved in colonial production of raw materials and add more volumes of raw materials needed in hungry industries in Europe like in cotton growing region each family in those areas was required to cultivate at least 3 acres of cotton per season.<br />5. Local rulers were required to recruit a specific number of laborers in their areas of control per annum. This mechanism enabled the colonizer to utilize full African labor for advantage of European colonialist in their plantation and mines and other economic sectors.<br />6. Introduction of taxation; where the colonialists introduced different taxes in African colonies in order to force Africans to offer their labor power in European plantation, mines and other economic sector e.g. different taxes as it was in Kenya; there was Matiti, head, property, taxes etc. forced Africans to offer their labor power in settler economy.<br />7. Enactment of different labor laws by colonialists in different African colonies the colonialists enacted different labour laws which forced Africans to get involved in production of raw materials needed by the colonialist in their countries for their development.<br />8. Land alienation where by Africans were alienated from their fertile land and pushed to unproductive areas in order to make Africans to continue offering their labor power in plantations, mining etc.<br />CHANGES IN COLONIAL TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION (COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURE)<br />Colonial transport and communication refers to all transport and communication established by colonialists in African continent during colonial period in order to meet their interests (demand). These infrastructures include colonial railway, ports, airports and harbors and telecommunication networks. Therefore after the second world war the colonial infrastructure change in order to get and increase their demands in colonies and in metropolitan countries.<br />Changes which were made<br />1.Introduction and expansion of roads; where different roads in African colonies. Example the feeder roads were introduced, introduction of tarmac roads which were expanded to the interior of African countries to collect raw materials and transport laborers from labor reserve areas to the working stations., Introduction of rehabilitation of roads which was introduced even before the second world war.<br />2. Introduction and expansion of ports and harbor in African colonies where by new ports and harbors were introduced and others were rehabilitated in order to meet colonialists demand in African colonies.<br />3. Introduction and expansion of railways in order to meet European demands. After the Second World War the colonialists made some changes in railway where by new railways were introduced and others were rehabilitated for the aim of transporting laborers, raw materials and colonial administrative officers and coercive apparatus.<br />4.Expansion of telecommunication networks in African colonies purposely for providing information on how to produce raw materials and layout administrative matters within African colonies.<br />5. Introduction of airports in colonies so as to facilitate movement of people such as transportation for administrators and information from metropolitan countries to African colonies.<br />OBJECTIVES (AIM) OF THE CHANGES OF COLONIAL INFRASTRUCTURE<br />1.To transport raw materials from production areas to the harbours where they are later shipped to metropolitan countries to feed European industries. In addition some raw materials were transported from the interior where they were produced to the main roads by using feeder roads where they are transported to the ports for being shipped to metropolitan countries.<br />2. To Transport colonial officers and administrators between urban areas to supervise production of raw materials.<br />3. To transport colonial African laborers especially the migrant laborers who were working under contracts from labor reserve areas to productive areas to offer cheap labor in plantations and mines.<br />4. To transport and import coercive apparatus forces such as police and army to seize resistance in productive areas when resistance occurs so that production is not interfered. Resistances such as MAUMAU resistance in Kenya.<br />5.To transport manufactured goods after being imported in African colonies; these imported manufactured commodities were transported to the market areas for example they transported to the productive areas (interior) where most Africans lived hence goods like clothes, food, agricultural tools were distributed to the European settlers. European administrators and to African laborers by using colonial infrastructure.<br />6. These colonial infrastructures aimed to facilitate communication from one area to another area either of the same colony or different colony in order to make easy ruling of the colonies.</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-3840183141340371212017-11-16T07:11:00.002-08:002017-11-16T07:11:28.495-08:00 INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES AND THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCETOPIC 6: INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES AND THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE<div>
<br />NATIONALISM<br />Nationalism is the feeling of national consciousness by the people that they are members of a nation state and desire freedom from colonial rule.<br />Nationalism in the African context refers to a desire of African people to terminate all foreign rules and live under a government of their own choice so as to preserve their political, economic and social interest.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />The hostility against colonial rule was due to the fact it was hindrance in the struggle for the creation of nation state, hence nationalism was identified with struggle for independence.<br />National consciousness was a gradual process i.e. was not over right phenomena.<br />Phases of Nationalism conciorine<br />1. Before 1945 -The process of decolonization or national liberation was fundamental in Africa. It allowed African state to regain their independence which they had lost for more half century<br />Nationalism before 1945 was elitist i.e. it was not directly related to a political goal. It was intended to seize political power. The main aim of the Africans at this stage was to have reforms in colonialism such as end of land alienation, taxation and forced labor.<br />2. After 1945 -The rise of Africa nationalism data back to the period of colonial conquest and the imposition of colonial rule on one hand and primary African resistance against colonial rule on the other hand . But later the intensification of exploitation stimulated the nationalistic struggle.<br />Nationalism was seriously nationalistic. It aimed at over throwing alien rule.The African were not interest in just changes, but complete independence</div>
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.<br /><b>IMPACT OF PEACE SETTLEMENT (Versailles Treaty 1919) AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WEAR.</b><br />The end of WWI was followed by peace settlement reached by serves of peace treaties. The important one was Versailles Treaty. this was made in Paris France, Held from January to June 1919 it was signed on 28th June 1919. - Leading statement in Versailles were presided of USA Woodraw Wilson, George Clemenceau the prime minister of France, Lloyd George the prime minister of Britain and of Vittorio or land the prime minister of I tally.The leading rote was played by president Wilson of USA.</div>
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<b><br />TERMS OF THE VERSAILLES PEACE TREATY</b><br />In the term of this treaty, German was highly humiliated as follows.<br />i/ She lost all her overseas possessions. example Tanganyika, Togo Rwanda, Burundi and Namibia.<br />ii/ Her provinces had taken during the Frances Prussian war, were given to France and return all France flags take by her during the Franco Prussian war (1870)<br />iii/ She was forced to disarm herself. Also German universal military service were broken. - Her arm were reduced 100,000 soldiers with no generals .<br />-Its navy was reduced to six light battle ships and few smallest craft. The air force were burned.<br />iv/ German to pay separations to be paid to to France, Britain and Belgium, they were fixed at 6.6 million<br />v/ Her federation with Austria -Hungary was broken.<br />vi/German lose concessions and trading rights in China, Egypt and Elsewhere.<br />vii She was derived to the right of joining the league of Nations, the term aimed at weakening Germany, politically, economical and military.</div>
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<br />WEAKNESS OF THE TREATY<br />-It lacked enforcement mechanism, decision remained in theory but impractical<br />-As harshness to German appeared to peace. The Germany never accepted the treat and finally it led to the rise of Nazism.<br />- The decisions made did not satisfy some of the victorious power ie Italy did not satisfied by the territorial division at the treaty this rise of Fascism.<br />- The decision ignored the role of USSR as an influential power in Eastern Europe. Example :The Balkans remained a trouble area.<br />-The peace treaty was not a solution simply because it created more problems then it solve.It was too humillitative to German. German was to revenge by all means, when rifler come to power, he decided to turn down all the terms and began arming against the Versailles, a situation which contributed to the outbreak of the second world war of 1939-1945.</div>
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<br />FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM<br />Pan African Conferences<br />i.The First pan-African conferences was consequently convened in England in 1900 under the leadership of Sylvester Williams, a barrister from Trinidad.<br />- Among other things, the conference discussed human rights violations against Africans in south Africa and racial discrimination against people of Africa origin in the world.<br />ii. The second pan-African conference look place offer the first world war in 1919. It attracted 50 participants with twelve of them coming from the Africa continent.<br />There were various factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism; these factors were categorized into internal and external factors.<br />(A) INTERNAL FACTORS<br />These were those that stimulated hostility from within Africa. The main factor was colonialism which is divided into two sub–factors.<br />(i) Exploitation<br />· Land alienation.<br />Land alienation involved grabbing of land from the natives by the white settlers. Land was taken so that the colonialists get areas where cash crops production and mining activities can take place to produce the required raw materials. Land alienation was common in settler colonies such as Zimbabwe.<br />· Taxation<br />The colonialists introduced various taxes as an indirect way of getting cheap labor. The taxes which were introduced included poll and hut taxes, but these taxes were collected with a lot brutality. Some people were flogged and even failed to pay taxes<br />· Forced labor.<br />The colonialists introduced labor laws that completed or forced the Africans to provide cheap and sometimes free on European economic enterprises. Laws such as Kipande system in Kenya competed all able bodies to provide cheap labor on white settlers’ farms, failure to provide labor punishment was given.<br />(ii) Payment of low prices to peasants’ products.<br />-Peasant were exploited, these group increase cooperation among themselves and boy cotts, strike and other movements threatened colonialism and establish the great challenge that led to the freedom and way to form political parties which were the main venue for forming government. -These cooperatives were, Kilimanjaro Native planter Association KNC) The Bataka Association -Uganda and The Bukoba Cooperative Union.<br />The peasants produced products which they sold to the colonial government, but they received low prices for their products yet the white settlers were given higher producer, prices. This prompted them to fight for independence.<br />(iii) Dictatorial nature of the colonial government.<br />The colonial powers established their governments in African by using the barrel of the gun. The Africans hated the oppressive resistance such as the army, police and prison. To make matters worse, Africans were not allowed to be in any higher position in colonial government.<br />(iv) Role of colonial Education:-<br />-Colonial education resulted into emergence of education group elite -These group had a great hope and constitutions, after their education, their hope was to get while color job like good employment was difficult, low wages and segregation in work was common -These educated Africans started to mobilize their fellow Africa to stand up for for the independence -These educated Africans formed the political parties to demand Independence constitutional with other organized gorilla fighting.<br />Colonial Education produces elites who played a crucial role in the rise of African nationalism. People like Nyerere in Tanganyika, Nkurumah in Ghana and Banda in Malawi organized Africans to form political parties that contributed to the rise of African Nationalism.<br />(v) Formation of independent churches.<br />These were churches that were formed by the Africans as a reaction to which they were facing in the European churches. These churches addressed not only religious issues, but also political and economic grievances. The examples of these churches are the African National church in Tanganyika contributed to the rise of Nationalism by exposing the evils committed by colonialism.<br />(vi) The role of trade unions.<br />The trade unions were formed by workers as a reaction to their exploitation and oppression under colonialism. The trade union had numerous demands e.g. increased wages and better conditions. The examples of Trade union included Tanganyika Territory Civil services Association in Tanganyika, Nyakato Agricultural Institution.<br />The trade unions contributed greatly to the rise of African nationalism by putting pressure on the colonial power to implement changes in colonialism.<br />(vii) Italian and Ethiopian conflict.<br />The Italian–Ethiopian conflict contributed to the development of African nationalism. They fought from 1935 to 1941 between the Italians under Mussolini and Hailee Selassie respectively, though the Ethiopians were defeated but their determined resistance to protect their independence encouraged Africans to fight for their independence.<br />(viii) The role of returned soldiers,<br />- The ex soldiers from WWI and WWII contributed to the rise of nationalism. These promises were promised employment and good life and return. -The promises were not Fulfilled from there, these soldiers started to question the colonial government. -These soldiers came with new ideas and technique for fighting one of the ideas used that "white man can be defeated" Example: Dedan Kimath during Maumau was in kenya 1952, the soldiers were abandoned false idea, that white man can not be defeated". the experience in the war seen white man dying and other running away.<br />This gave them hope that it was possible to fight the white man as Samora Masheli once said "in sawing the seen evolution ..............and whenever a peacefully means fail, violence is inevitable. -This was also applied by Frantz Fanon when advised Africans to use violence as means of maintain Independence and history.<br />(ix)Independent of Ghana,<br />-Some few analysis that, Ghana contributed a lot towards the independence African countries in different way. -After attained her Independence during 1957, this independence stimulated and encourage other African countries to struggle for nationalism, the country also take as case study and centre for training liberation armies and from the thought obtained in Ghana It was easy for other country to speed up the nationalism movement.<br />(B) EXTERNAL FACTORS.<br />The rise of African nationalism was also influenced by global situation, there were forces operating from outside Africa which played a big role in the rise of African nationalism.<br />(i) The role of the United Nations (UN). The end of WWII was led to the formation of the international organization like united Nations which was against all forms of exploitation and colonialism in different part of the world, this organs was played the great role in the independence struggle in different parts of Africa because this body helped different colony to regain back their independence and demise colonialism in different parts of Africa because it was the distructive and distance for the development in Africa.<br />- A part from that UNO has ordered some colonial powers to prepare the territory to the independent. Example British was given Tanganyika and ordered to prepare the territory until it become capable to be Independent.<br />The United Nations Organization was formed in 1945 with the main objective of maintaining peace in the world. The UN formed the Trusteeship council which had to make sure that all colonies regain their independence by using peaceful means. Tanganyika is one of the countries that benefited from the United Nations because it was trusteeship territory.<br />(ii) The Pan Africanism movement.<br />This movement was formed in the United States of America by the Black people in Diaspora. The main goal of the movement was to fight for the abolition of slave trade and slavery, but after the abolition of slave trade it turned into a liberation movement whereby it advocated for nationalism. The movement argued that, “Africa was Africans” After the independence of Ghana in 1957, that Pan Africanism movement shifted its headquarters to Accra where it spear headed the independence of many African countries.<br />(iii) The rise of the United States of America.<br />The end of WWII, market the new power coming up USA, took the part of Britain USA had no colonies in Africa and From there it needed areas for getting raw materials, markets and areas for investment to get their colonies she had to encourage the so called "open door policy". She encourage other European countries to grant independence for their colonies.<br />-Much more USA adapted capitalism Ideology to ensure such Ideology spread through the world, she decided to support nationalism/decolonization movement as the best way to make expansionism and spread the idea of the capitalism<br />(iv) The role of the USSR, The WWII ended with the rise of socialist, USSR was making a step towards Industrial development hence demanded areas for the economic motives like areas for raw material, market and capital investment. This need made USSR to support decolonization process.<br />(v) China revolution, The revolution of China 1949 unfitness the rising of the plotetarial and peasant forming a government of socialist since socialism was against colonialism it supported decolonization process in different parts of the world.<br />After the Second World War the USA emerged as the leading economic and political power. The reasons were; World War Two was not fought in America, hence it did not experience destruction of industries and infrastructure.<br />During the war the, USA was the supplier of war requirement in Europe hence it gained a lot of profits. The USA introduced the open door policy through which the USA needed raw materials, markets and areas for investments from overseas.<br />GHANA NATIONALISM<br />Ghana was one of the African countries that attained independence by the use of peaceful methods or constitutional method. Ghana was initially called Gold coast.<br />In 1946 the British colonial government introduced what was called the Burns constitution. Although this constitution provided for an African majority in the legislative council, it had two main weaknesses.<br />1. The legislative council was merely advisory and it did not have deliberative vote, the decisions were made by the British officials.<br />2. Its representatives were very limited because out of the eighteen, thirteen were chiefs who were selected by their fellow chiefs who were supporters of the colonial system.<br />The Burns aroused frustration among the Africans in Ghana especially elites. As a result they formed a nationalist movement known as the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) in 1947 under the leadership of SB Danquah, Kwame Nkrumah was the secretary. The UGCC organize numerous attacks to the colonial government, this forced it make another constitution known as the “coussey constitution”. This constitution proved for more elected members in the legislative council. In addition eight out of eleven cabinet posts were to be held by Africans.<br />The new constitution seemed to have pleased some of the members of the UGCC, but the radical ones e.g. Kwame Nkurumah broke away from the UGCC and formed another nationalist movement known as the Convention People Party (CPP) in 1947.<br />The CAP had two powerful slogans known as, “Seek first the political Kingdom and all things will be added unto it” and “self government now”. The CPP was advocating for complete independence and not changes in colonialism. There was a political movement known as the National Liberation Movements (NLM) that was formed to challenge CPP.<br />Reasons for a successful independence struggle in Ghana<br />There are various factors that account for a successful independence struggle in Ghana. It is one of the first African countries to attain independence. Ghana attained its independence in 1957.<br />1. Absence of tribalism.<br />There was absence of tribalism in Ghana whereby the political party, Convention Peoples Party was not associated with any major tribe in Ghana. The absence of tribalism made it possible for the nationalists to get enough support that was needed to present a common front against the colonial government.<br />2. Strong leadership.<br />Strong leadership is one of the factors that enabled Ghana to acquire her independence earlier than many African countries, Kwame Nkurumah was a strong leader who was able to unite all Africans in Ghana and fight for one common cause that is independence.<br />3. Clear policies<br />The Convention Peoples Party that fought for Ghana’s independence had clear policies and elaborates programs. The party advocated for better prices for peasants products high wages to African workers and getting rid of colonial rule. This impressive idea managed to get support of the people in the struggle for independence.<br />4. Common language.<br />The use of English as a common language helped greatly to the independence struggle in Ghana. This language was known to almost all the people in Ghana hence they became aware about the objectives of the Ghanaian nationalists and gave them the much needed support against the colonial government.<br />5. Absence of many white settlers.<br />There was absence of many white settlers in Ghana; the British had established a peasant economy thus they did not invest heavily. The absence of many white settlers made it easy for the British to grant independence to Ghana.<br />6. Good transport system.<br />Ghana had relatively a good transport system which was helped by the small nature of the country. The transport system made it possible for the nationalists to move around the country campaigning to overthrow the colonial regime.<br />7. Popularity of CPP.<br />The CPP was very popular in Ghana; the party had great support from the cocoa growers and the peasants and there were the ones who made up the biggest party of the population. The party became so popular that in the 1951 elections, it won 33 seats against the three of UGCC. Following this result a government and in 1952, he became the Gold coasts first prime minister. On March of 6 th 1957, the Gold coast became independent taking the name of the ancient Ghana Empire, In July 1960; Ghana became a republic with Kwame Nkurumah as the first president.<br />8. External forces<br />External forces such as the United Nations Organization rise of USSR and the USA contributed greatly to the independence of Ghana. The UN put pressure on Britain to grant independence to Ghana. The USSR pledged to assets all African countries in their struggle for independence.<br />Role of Ghana to African Nationalism<br />The independence of Ghana in 1957 marked a turning point in Africa, it played a great role in ensuring the rest of the continent is liberated from colonial rule and this cause was led by Kwame Nkurumah.<br />1. Inspiration<br />The independence of Ghana in 1957 inspired many African countries to fight for their independence as well. Kwame Nkurumah acted as a limelight to other African states that were still under colonialism to fight for their independence. This is one of the reasons that encouraged Africans to use armed struggle so as to attain independence.<br />2. Material support.<br />Ghana under Kwame Nkurumah provided financial support to most of the nationalist movements in Africa that were fighting for independence. The financial and moral support given by Nkurumah inspired many African countries to fight against colonial rule.<br />3. Headquarters of the pan African movement.<br />Following the independence of Ghana in 1957, Accra the capital city of Ghana became the headquarters of the pan African movement. The Pan African movement played a significant role in the independence of Ghana. In 1958 all independent states such as Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Tunisia and Ghana met in Accra where they laid strategies on how to help other African countries to attain independence.<br />4. Encouraged African unity.<br />Kwame Nkurumah contributed to the independent of many African countries by encouraging unity in the continent. He convened a meeting for all African trade unions in 1959 with the aim to unite all African states into a confederation. African unity was a crucial factor if African was to succeed against colonial rule.<br />5. Put pressure on France.<br />Kwame Nkurumah exerted a lot of pressure on France to grant independence to Algeria. In 1959 to 1960 a team of delegates from Africa, Britain and America went to monitor the situation in Algeria. It was Nkurumah who took initiative of such a visit. Ghana also pressurized France to end her dominated in West Africa.<br />6. The role of radio Ghana.<br />Radio Ghana played a great role in the struggle for independence. It became the mouth piece of African nationalist movements to air out their feelings towards colonial government exploitation and oppression. Broad casting on the radio led to massive support for the nationalist both in and outside Africa.<br />7. Ghana became the model.<br />Ghana under Nkurumah became the model for all African countries to emulate. Nkurumah once said that if he could, he would have delayed the independence of Ghana until a time when other Africa countries are independent. The position of Ghana encouraged many African countries to struggle for independence.<br />ARMED STRUGGLE IN ZIMBABWE<br />African struggle for independence in Zimbabwe was complicated because of the dominance of white settlers.<br />After World war Two, there was an influx of white settlers into Zimbabwe that led to massive expropriation of African land.<br />In 1951, Africans formed the all African confederation convention party that aimed at opposing the formation of the federation of three central African colonies i.e. Zimbabwe, Zambia and Nyasaland (Malawi).<br />When the Federal constitution was imposed in 1953, the African convention fell apart.<br />The White settlers consolidated their independence in 1970 when the country was proclaimed a republic, white settlers had sealed all hopes of a peaceful transition to independence when Ian Smith unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (unilateral Declaration of independence).<br />A new nationalist party called the African National council (ANC) was formed. The aim of the ANC was to oppose the British / Rhodesia agreement and ensure that independence was granted to the African majority.<br />Nationalist political movements experienced a setback in organizations. Despite these measures the Africans were not discouraged.<br />In, 1960, they formed a new political party called Zimbabwe African peoples Party (ZAPU), this part was led by Joshua Nkomo.<br />ZAPU was banned in 1962 and its leaders were detained, but it continued to operate underground.<br />A split in ZAPU leadership in 1963 led to the formation of Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) led by Ndabaningi Sethote.<br />The disintegration of the federation following the independence of Zambia and Malawi, forced the Rhodesia. Front (political party of the white settlers) to press Britain to grant independence to Zimbabwe under minority rule. Britain tactfully approved the request and on 11 th November 1965 Ian Smith unilaterally declared Southern Rhodesia independent, since then African nationalist movements were engaged in a prolonged gorilla war until majority rule was declaredin 1980.<br />1. Banning of nationalists movements.<br />The British colonial government was not ready to grant independence to Zimbabwe, it banned or suppressed many nationalist movements in Zimbabwe making the struggle for independence long and complicated. This position compelled the African nationalists to resort to the use of armed struggle to attain independence.<br />2. Tribalism.<br />Tribalism hindered the struggle for independence in Zimbabwe. Most of the Nationalist movements were divided along tribal lines; the dominant tribes were the Shona and Ndebele. Due to tribalism the Africa nationalists could not put a common front against the colonialists, thus the only alternative left was to use armed struggle to attain independence.<br />3. Richness of Zimbabwe.<br />Zimbabwe is so r<br /><br />. Richness of Zimbabwe.<br />Zimbabwe is so rich in terms of minerals such as gold and diamond and it has enough fertile soil that can support the growth of cash crops that were needed in the metropolitan countries. The richness of the colony made it difficult for the colonial government to grant it independence, this made the Africans to use armed struggle.<br />4. Establishment of a settler economy.<br />The white settlers had established a settler economy in Zimbabwe where they had invested so much in plantation farms and mining activities. The massive investments made the colonial government reluctant to grant the Africans independence because it would tantamount to scarifying all the wealth in Zimbabwe. This position made the Africans to use armed struggle.<br />5. Declaration of independence by Ian Smith.<br />The white settlers in Zimbabwe requested Britain to grant Zimbabwe independence but under minority rule i.e. controlled by the white settles. Britain approved the request and in 1965 Ian Smith unilaterally declared Zimbabwe independent, but under minority rule. This action prompted the Africans to engage in an armed struggle to attain their independence.<br />6. Harshness of the colonial government.<br />The colonial government was very harsh in Zimbabwe; nationalist leaders were imprisoned and the government pursued policies such as forced labor whereby to implement this; travel passes were introduced to try and limit the movement of the people.<br />7. Disunity.<br />The political parties in Zimbabwe were not united thus it became very difficult for them to present a common front against the colonial government. There were sharp differences between the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and Zimbabwe African People’s Party (ZAPU). These differences left African nationalist like Mugabe with no choice but to use armed struggle.<br />8. Support of the imperialist power.<br />The Zimbabwe minority regime was supported by the imperialist’s powers in order to defend their interests. This was seen when powers like the USA, France and Germany failed to observe the United Nations sanctions code against Ian Smith minority regime.<br />NB: These factors compelled the African nationalist leaders to use armed struggle, majority rule in Zimbabwe was achieved in 1980.<br />ARMED STRUGGLE IN PORTUGUESE COLONIES (ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE)<br />The early political movements in Angola developed mainly along ethnic lines. The initial political parties expressed cultural activities like praising African culture.<br />In December 1956, the movement for peoples liberation of Angola (MPLA) advocated for equal rights of the all the colonized people irrespective of their color, creed or tribe.<br />In 1962, the Front for National liberation of Angola (FNLA) was formed. By this time, there were two major liberation movements i.e. the MPLA and FNLA.<br />Later the FNLA split thus creating another liberation movement called union for Total independence of Angola (UNITA), under the leadership pf Jonas Savimbi. UNITA declared that it would stand for full independence of Angola.<br />A positive element in the struggle for independence occurred in 1974 at a meeting in Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of Congo where the MPLA and the FNLA adopted a common front in their struggle for independence.<br />The three major movements, MPLA, FNLA and UNITA met in January 1974 at a meeting in Mombasa, Kenya under the leadership of Present Jomo Kenyatta. At this meeting the three major movements agreed to end all types of constitutes and propaganda which hampered unity and cooperation.<br />The MPLA, the largest and the strongest movement took the reins of the state in spite of the civil wars. The situation worsened when Fascist South Africa invaded Angola in support of UNITA and FNLA.<br />However, of June 1976 the MPLA’s forces and the MP assumed full control of Angola.<br />MOZAMBIQUE<br />In Mozambique the nationalist movements championing the grievances of both the workers and peasants emerged in the 1960. Due to the suppression of nationalist movements within Mozambique, nationalist movements were organized from outside by Mozambicans in exile.<br />These movements included the following.<br />1. National Democratic union of Mozambique formed in Southern Rhodesia in 1960.<br />2. Mozambique African National Union formed in Kenya in 1961.<br />3. African union of independent Mozambique formed in Nyasaland in 1961.<br />By the end of 1961, all the three nationalist movements had shifted their headquarters to Dar es Salaam. In 1962 they merged or joined to form front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO).<br />FRELIMO concentrated on training cadres, party organization and mobilization of world support. Actual armed struggle began in Mozambique in 1964 and the final victory of FRELIMO and the people of Mozambique came in 1975 and Samora Machel became the President.<br />Reasons for armed struggle in Angola and Mozambique:-<br />(A) Banning of nationalist movements.<br />Portugal banned all nationalist movements in these colonies because she was not ready to grant independence. The nationalist movements in Mozambique were operating from outside, this complicated the struggle for independence thus the Africans had to resort to the use of armed struggle.<br />(B) The perception of portages.<br />Portugal like France always argued that she had no colonies in Africa, but overseas provinces that were part of Portugal. Portugal claimed that these territories had no rights for independence. This position forced the Africans to use armed struggle to acquire independence.<br />(C) Portugal was poor.<br />Portugal was a very poor therefore she depended heavily on her colonies for wealth, due to this predicament Portugal could not grant independence to Angola and Mozambique , forcing the Africans to use armed struggle.<br />(D) Richness of the colonies.<br />A colony such as Angola was so rich in terms of raw material particularly all thus the Portuguese were not ready to grant it independence, hence the only solution left was to use armed struggle.<br />(E) Portugal was a fascist state<br />Portugal was a fascist state i.e. was a country that did not believed in democracy to make matters worse, she believed in the everlasting civilizing mission in Africa hence she could not grant independence to Angola and Mozambique when the civilizing mission was incomplete. This altitude compelled the Africans to use armed struggle to regain their independence.<br />(F) Many Portuguese were illiterate.<br />Many Portuguese were illiterate thus ignorant about the outside world especially of the new form of imperialism. Portugal believed that granting independence to her colonies meant the end of exploitation; hence it became reluctant to grant independence to its colonies.<br />None the less, Angola and Mozambique were able to acquire independence after a prolonged armed struggle.</div>
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<br />CONTRIBUTION OF PAN AFRICANISM TO THE RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM<br />Pan African Conferences .<br />(i) The first Pan African Conference was consequently convened in England 1900 under the leadership of Sylvester Williams, a barrister from Trinidad. - Among the other things, the conference discussed human rights violations against African in South Africa and racial discrimination against people of Africa origin in the World.<br />(ii)The second Pan African Conference took place after the first world war in 1919. It attracted 50 participant, with twelve of them coming from African continent.<br />1.The Pan Africanist movement united all Africans from all walks of life to oppose colonialism. The common desire for independence was a unifying factor that terminated tribal interests. By uniting all Africans it became easy to oppose colonial rule.<br />2. The Government provided a platform or a platform where Africans could discuss the grievances caused by colonialism. In all the congresses of the movement, the people of African origin discussed about implementing the spirit of oneness among all the black people all over the world.<br />3. The Movement awakened the interests of the Africans to fight for independence. During the conferences of the Pan African movement, members discussed a wide range of issues such as racial discrimination, unfair taxation policies and land alienation which they were facing under colonial rule.<br />4. The Pan African movement played a big role in the rise of African nationalism because it stressed that the fight for political independence by the Africans was a necessary step towards complete economic and social emancipation.<br />5.The Pan African congress chose total liberation in their struggle for independence from Manchester. The activities of the movement were shifted to Africa following the independence of Ghana in 1957. The Capital city of Ghana, Accra became the headquarters of Pan Africanism where Kwame Nkurumah spear headed the independence of many African countries.<br />6.The movement represented the African continent in the international conferences especially in the United Nations Organization (UNO). The United Nations Organization wanted to ensure that all the countries attain independence throughthe peaceful means.<br /><br /><br />THE SECOND WORLD WAR<br />After World War I the world powers worked very hard to stop the occurrence of another great war. In 1920s several peace treaties were signed in an effort to strengthen relations among the European powers. It was however very difficult to create such relations because many European powers were dissatisfied with the conditions they found themselves in, so in the 1930, there was general aggression which worsened the relations between the powers thus culminating into the Second World War.<br />Causes of the Second World War<br />i. The Versailles peace treaty.<br />The terms of the treaty blamed German for being responsible for the outbreak of World War II. The allied powers occupied most of German territories and forced her to disarm. The war reparations made German to become bankrupt leading to inflation and wide spread of unemployment. The German blamed the Versailles treaty for their troubles and Hitler wanted to reverse this situation by adopting an aggressive foreign policy.<br />ii. Hitler’s ambition to restore German dominance in Europe contributed to the outbreak of World War II. He made it clear that German cannot become a world power without affecting another war. He demanded rearmament of German and set out to assert German authority over smaller and weaker states which destabilized European peace.<br />iii.The rise of dictatorship. Dictatorship developed during the 1920 and 1930 which destroyed democratic rights. In Italy Mussolini founded the fascist party in 1919; he seized all political powers of the country and transformed the country into a totalitarian state. The national socialist party or the Nazi party came to power in 1933 in German with;<br />a. Introduction of the cold war. The cold war was an ideological and economic struggle between two opposing blocs i.e. USA and her allies on one hand and the Soviet Union and her allies on the other hand. The cold war was accompanied by an arm race between USA and USSR<br />b.Formation of the United Nations. The UN was formed in 1945 to promote peace, security and international cooperation. It was founded on a broader basis than the League of Nations, whereby membership is open to all nations irrespective of their political and ideological belief.<br />c. Introduction of the marshal plan. The marshal plan was a package of loans given to European countries to reconstruct their economies after the Second World War with the introduction of the marshal plan, the USA found herself getting more involved in European affairs.<br />d. Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This was a military alliance of the USA and most states of Western Europe formed in 1949. The organization committed to USA to defend Western Europe and in return those countries would support the USA. This scheme threatened to destroy the communist Russia.<br /><br /> Formation of the war saw Pact. The Soviet Union response to NATO was the formation of the war saw pact in 1955 which brought all the soviet satellites into a military union. From the 1950’s Europe remained a divide continent and a major theater of the cold war<br />f. Formation of NAM. The Non Alignment Movement was a kind neutralism i.e. a policy of not aligning with any power block; it is therefore a free and independent policy whereby international issues are decided on merit.<br />g. Loss of live. The World War II led to huge loses of lives because very many people, both soldiers and civilian were killed during the war.<br />h.Massive unemployment. The war created massive unemployment. This was due to the return of the demobilized soldiers and prisoners of war who increased the demand of jobs.<br />i. Change in the balance of power. The second world war changed the balance of power in the world, it destroyed the economies of power such as France and Britain and contributed to the emergence of the united states of America and the union of soviet socialist republics as the world powers.<br />Effects of the second world war in Africa<br />a.Intensified exploitation. There was intensification of colonial exploitation of African resources so as to reconstruct their economies. There was establishment of development schemes geared towards maximization of capital. The examples of these schemes included Kongwa and Urambo in Tanganyika.<br />b.Increased state intervention. There was increased colonial state intervention in the production of raw materials and marketing of primary exports. Under peasant agriculture, there was creation of master farmers who were given loans and credits so as to boost the production of raw materials.<br />c. Establishment of more processing industries. There was establishment of more processing industries to reduce the weight of raw materials so as to keep freight charges low to facilitate their exportation to Europe. The examples of those processing industries are cotton grinner in Mozambique.<br />d. Intensification of African nationalism. There was intensification of African nationalism because of returning African soldiers who came back with new ideas like the Europeans are not invincible; they can be defeated in a prolonged struggle. This belief encouraged the Africans to fight for their independence.<br />e. Introduction of American neo–colonialism. Due to the second world war, the USA emerged as the leading capitalist power, but it had no colonies hence she introduced the open door policy whereby she put pressure on the European countries to grant independence to African countries. The introduction of the open door policy later led to the introduction of American neo–colonialism in Africa.<br />f. Loss of lives. The Second World War led to heavy losses of lives because many of the people who were taken to fight never returned back because they were killed on the battle fields.<br />g. Collapse of the Italian imperialism. The Second World War contributed to the collapse of Italian imperialism in Africa. The defeat of the central powers where Italy was an active member forced her to lose her colonies of Libya and Eritrea.<br /><br /><br />h. There was change in the mandatory status of former German colonies such as Tanganyika, Namibia, Rwanda and Burundi had become mandate states under the League of Nations organization, they became trusteeship territories.<br />The role of the second world war in the rise of African nationalism<br />The Second World War played a great role in the rise of African nationalism by doing the following<br />a. Formation of UNO.<br />The UNO was formed in 1945 with the main objective of maintaining peace in the world. The UN formed the trusteeship council which had to make sure all colonies gain their independence by using peaceful means. Tanganyika is one of the countries that benefited from UN because it was a trusteeship territory.<br />b. Rise of the USA.<br />After the World War II, USA emerged as a leading economic and political power. USA introduced the open door policy though which USA needed raw materials, markets and areas for investment from overseas hence her support for decolonization became paramount so as to have access to these needs in the colonies. </div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-79191043346198861852017-11-16T07:00:00.000-08:002017-11-16T07:00:01.170-08:00 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE<div style="text-align: justify;">
FORM FIVE NOTES: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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Independence refers to the total liberation of man from poverty, ignorance, disease, exploitation and oppression.</div>
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Such liberation can be achieved if African political systems can enable their people to plan their economic development and attain prosperity.</div>
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Since independence; African government have attempted various ways of bringing about real independence by improving communication system and expanding education, yet the whole it has proved very difficult for most of African countries to achieve real independence, partly due to colonial legacy.</div>
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<b>COLONIAL LEGACY</b></div>
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This refers to the long lasting effects which African states inherited from colonialism at independence. Thereare many effects but the outstanding ones are the following;</div>
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I. Effects on the African economies</div>
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Ø Export oriented economies.</div>
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African countries are still exporting raw materials (cash crops and minerals) and importing manufactured goods from the developed countries. African countries produced what they did not consume and consumed what they did not produce. This is a typical feature of distorted economy.</div>
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Ø Monoculture economies.</div>
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Colonial African countries specialized in the production of one majority commodity. Cocoa in Ghana, copper in Zambia and sisal in Tanzania. The danger of this is that market prices may fluctuate any time causing a disadvantage to the producer country.</div>
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Ø Subsistence peasant agriculture.</div>
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Since independence, there have been so fundamental attempts made to mechanize agricultural sector. The production in agricultural sector has qualitative and quantitative low because the main tool of production was the hand hoe.</div>
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Ø Poor transport system.</div>
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Post colonial state inherited a poor transport system, most of the roads and railways are still concentrated in production areas, with this type of transport system, and it was very difficult to attain real development.</div>
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Ø Small and weak industrial sector.</div>
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During the colonial period, the capitalist powers destroyed the African traditional industries so as to make sure that Africa is remaining the market for European manufactured goods and the producer of raw materials. The colonial powers only established import substitution industry and semi processing plant. Africa today has consumer producer industries with these industries; it is very hard to achieve real development.</div>
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II. Cultural effects</div>
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African culture has been despised; it has been substituted by western values, production and consumption patterns, music and dance. As a measure to control the deterioration of African culture in Tanganyika, there was establishment of ministry of education and culture in 1962 so as to revive and initiate all that was useless in the colonial pattern.</div>
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III. Distortion of political systems of African states</div>
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Ø Tribalism</div>
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The colonialists encouraged ethnicism and tribalism; they did so in order to discourage tribal unities or affinities which could emanate into potential threats to the colonial state. This exercise was in accordance with the colonial policy of divide and rule.</div>
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Ø Class and class structure.</div>
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In post colonial Africa, classes have mostly or often being associated with racial grouping were the elites, middle class and the working class stand on racial lines for example the elites and the middle class have continued to dominate commerce while the African majority became peasants and members of the working class.</div>
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<b>POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</b></div>
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There were various changes in the political field that took place in Tanzania after independence. For example: constitutional changes and the introduction of multi – party politics.</div>
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The constitution of Tanzania</div>
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The constitution is the system of laws and principles that a state or an organization is governed by.</div>
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The constitution of a country is a supreme law of a state, it’s more important than any other law in the country.</div>
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The constitution of Tanzania was ratified in 1977. Before the current constitution, Tanzania has had three constitutions i.e.; The Independence Constitution (1961), The Republican Constitution of (1962) and the interim constitution of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.</div>
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THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION (1961 – 1962)</div>
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After the attainment of independence, Tanganyika adopted the first constitution that was based on the west minister model with exclusion of the bill of rights. This constitution defined the governor general as the representative of the queen was the head of state.</div>
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The executive was led by the first minister who was chosen from the majority party.</div>
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THE REPUBLICAN CONSTITUTION (1962 – 1964)</div>
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In 1962, the parliament which comprised of only TANU members formed an assembly and drastically revised the 1961 constitution, most important was the establishment of a strong presidential system. The new president was now given the former roles of the governor general and those of the first minister. He was also given the power to choose a vice president and ministers.</div>
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The president also had power to dismiss the parliament under certain conditions.</div>
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INTERIM CONSTITUTION (1962 –1977)</div>
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In 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form Tanzania. The constitution of the new born country was based on Tanganyika’s 1962 republican constitution which was modified according to the agreements between TANU and the Afro Shiraz party. These agreements had been ratified under the name, “Articles of Union” and became part of the new constitution as “Acts of Union”.</div>
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The most notable feature of the acts of union was the establishment of the double government structure that is also part of Tanzanians current constitution. This structure included one government for the union and one independent government for Zanzibar. The Zanzibar’s government included its own parliament and president. The president of Zanzibar also served as vice president of the union.</div>
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PERMANENT CONSTITUTION (1977 –To date)</div>
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After the formation of CCM in 1977, the permanent constitution was approved. This constitution essentially confronts the main principles of the republican and interim constitution that is strong presidential double government structure and a single party.</div>
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Since 1977, several amendments have been made to the original constitution; many of these are related to the relationship between the united government and the Zanzibar government.</div>
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Significance of constitutional changes to the political development of Tanzania</div>
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There were various effects of the constitution changes to the political development in Tanzania</div>
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1) Liberation from partial independence.</div>
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The 1962 constitutional change liberated Tanzania from partial political independence.</div>
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The country was still under the control of the Queen of England who was represented by the governor general in the country. The 1962 constitution saw the establishment of a constituent assembly that introduced the post of a president who was a Tanzanian.</div>
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2) Introduction of ujamaa.</div>
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The 1967 change, introduced a political ideology of Ujamaa (African Socialism) and self reliance. This provided a political guideline in which the countries development would be attained.</div>
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Ujamaa was one of the two important principles of Arusha Declaration. It aimed at creating a truly socialist state where the society was classless. Ujamaa emphasized absence of exploitation of man by man. The principle aimed at putting the major means of production under the control of peasants and workers.</div>
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3) Introduction of one party system.</div>
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The banning of multiparty politics was significant in creating a solidified and united state so that it could be possible to achieve development. Multiparty politics was seen as recipe for disunity and could invite foreign interaction in the country.</div>
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4) Reintroduction of multi party.</div>
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The 1962 reintroduction of multiparty politics brought openness of the government and created freedom of press, speech and accountability of different actors in the political system of Tanzania.</div>
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It would be noted that one of the reasons for the re introduction of multiparty was the pressure from the donor community.</div>
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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Since independence Tanzania has tried different ways to achieve development, but in the whole, the country is still finding it very difficult to achieve real growth and development. The following are the challenges of Tanzania's economic development</div>
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A. Inadequate capital.</div>
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The absence of adequate capital is one of the crucial factors that have hindered development in the region. African countries rely on loans given by the developed countries, but these loans have conditions attached and came in small trickles thus not able to support development in Africa.</div>
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B. Poor transport system.</div>
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Existence of poor transport systems which were mainly concentrated in productive areas led Tanzania to fail to achieve the goals of multiparty.</div>
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C. Illiteracy</div>
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High levels of illiteracy are one of the factors that have contributed significantly to under development of Tanzania. The colonial education system provided education to a few people along racial and religious lines thus leaving the majority of the people illiterate. Low levels of literacy leads to limited number of skilled people in Tanzania which does not promote development.</div>
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D. Corruption/ embezzlement of the government funds.</div>
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Corruption is one of the major factors that have hindered real development in Tanzania. Government officials especially the presidents have misused public funds. Many governments in Africa, Tanzania inclusively have run bankrupt because of corruption and mismanagement.</div>
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E. Introduction of socialist ideology.</div>
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At the time of independence, Tanzania chooses socialism and self reliance. The government introduced codes that were similar or common in the socialist world including one party system and common ownership of property. This practice cut off Tanzania from the western world and the situation was worsening by the collapse of Soviet Union.</div>
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F. Border conflicts.</div>
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Ever since independence, there have been several conflicts, these conflicts rose from the non important issues. But they have consumed a lot of money and resources. The examples of the border wars are those between Tanzania and Uganda (1978 – 1979) and Tanzania and Malawi (1972).</div>
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G. Massive unemployment.</div>
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Massive unemployment is a situation thrown in the countries attempt to realize economic development. Many students who complete universities and colleges do not get employment due to few job opportunities to make matters worse; most of those who find higher education are job seekers and not job creators. Massive unemployment forces people to live the country hence brain drain.</div>
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H. Health</div>
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The health system in the country is still inadequate to sustain or guarantee all health ends. The doctors, hospitals, dispensaries and health centers are not enough especially in rural and some urban areas. Poor health services forces people to search for services outside the country which are usually expensive thus depleting the meager resources.</div>
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I. Neocolonialism</div>
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Neo colonialism is one of the major problems that hinder development in the country. Tanzania depends on loans and grants from the developed countries but these facilities have strings attached which are always to the advantage of the developed countries.</div>
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THE ECONOMIC SITUATION OF TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE</div>
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In 1970’s and 1980’s independence many African states faced economic crisis whereby they failed to provide basic necessities to their people.</div>
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During this time, foreign debt and drought were the main factors that hindered economic development. Tanzania was also hit by the economic crisis of 1970’s. There were various factors that contributed to this crisis in Tanzania as follows;</div>
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a. Long drought season.</div>
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There was a prolonged drought in Tanzania especially between 1981 and 1984. This droughthit the agricultural sector which was the main sector of the economy. There was a sharp fall in agricultural production which affected the revenue earnings of the country since it depended on the export of agricultural products.</div>
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b. The oil crisis of 1976.</div>
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The oil crisis of 1976 was the major factor that contributed to the economic crisis in Tanzania. There was an increase in oil prices which increased the costs of production hence depleting the limited resources of the country. The resources spent on purchasing oil could have been used to finance other sectors of the economy.</div>
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c. The war against Idd Amin.</div>
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The war against Idd Amin is one of the factors that played a great role in causing the economic crisis in Tanzania. There was a full scale war in 1978 between Tanzania and Uganda, where by Tanzania spent a lot of resources financing the war in which resources would have been used to finance the economy. After the war the economy of Tanzania had been shattered.</div>
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d. The collapse of east African community in 1977.</div>
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The collapse of East African community in 1977 worsens the economic crisis in Tanzania. The special treatment given to goods from Tanzania in the form of loan, taxes was now removed. There was absence of secure market for Tanzanian goods; all these factors had a role to play in causing the economic crisis in the country.</div>
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e. Nationalization of parastatal bodies.</div>
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The introduction of the Arusha declaration forced the government to nationalize parastatal bodies. Various enterprises were put under government control which in most cases failed to effectively administer the enterprises hence leading to their collapse.</div>
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f. Misuse of public office.</div>
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The misuse of public office was one of the factors that have hindered development in Tanzania. Government officials have misused public funds hence the intended budget does not reach the required sectors of the economy.</div>
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STEPS TAKEN BY TANGANYIKA TO SOLVE THE ECONOMIC CRISIS</div>
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There were various steps taken by the government since independence to solve the problems of economic crisis which had a far reaching impact on the masses. The majority of the population in this country is still living below the international poverty line, which is surviving on less than 1 USA dollar.</div>
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The measures to solve the economic crisis were divided into two phases</div>
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A 1961 – 1966.(FIRST PHASE)</div>
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Under this phase, the government aimed at improving agriculture, communication and education based on economist model that included equal opportunity for all. These measures included the following;</div>
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i Socialism and self reliance.</div>
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This is where the government took measures to reduce the salaries of government employees from the president down to normal levels. No civil servants, members of parliament or TANU office holders were supposed to engage in private business. This move aimed controlling corruption among politicians.</div>
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ii Targeted rural development.</div>
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The government diverted resources from urban areas to rural development. This aimed at improving agriculture sector. The government grouped the population into Ujamaa villages in which the people will work together on communal land so that development can benefit the whole community and not a few individuals.</div>
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iii Administrative and education curriculum.</div>
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There were changes in education in order to change from the colonial type to type of education which emphasized socialist ideology. The new values of cooperative basis were encouraged, it was recognized that development plans must be financed by local resources and not to depend on foreign assistance.</div>
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iv Nationalization of land.</div>
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The government decided to nationalize land from the colonialists and distribute it to the people for economic development. This was one of the resolutions of the Arusha declaration where it passed that all major means of production should be in the hands of the local people. This is what led to the nationalization of all foreign banks and other private commercial and manufacturing companies.</div>
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v Removal of head tax.(SECOND PHASE)</div>
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The head tax was so unpopular among the majority of people in rural areas; it increased rather than reduce poverty in the villages. The head tax was inherited from colonialism.</div>
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B 1967 – 1980’s</div>
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· Man power training.</div>
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The government took deliberate measures to improve the labour resources through training in and outside the country. A skilled labour force was very crucial to realize economic development in the country.</div>
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· Development of infrastructure.</div>
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The government also took various measures to improve the transport system. A country would be conducive for investment if it has a good transport system. The government in collaboration with Zambia built the TAZARA railway and Kilimanjaro international airport in the 1970s, these measures also aimed at attracting foreign investment which would help to achieve development.</div>
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· Expansion of agriculture.</div>
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The agricultural sector is the main sector of economy thus the government took deliberate measures to improve agriculture. It introduced slogans like “siasa na kilimo” in 1972 to train farmer’s better methods of farming.</div>
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· Establishment of parastatal bodies.</div>
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The government also established parastatal bodies, such as Tanzania Railway Corporation. National Insurance Corporation and Tanzania electricity supply company (TANESCO) to offer services to the people.</div>
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COLONIAL EDUCATION AND EFFECTS IN TANZANIA UP TO 1961.</div>
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Colonial education was the kind of education that was provided by the colonial government in African continent; Tanzania being among them during the colonial period. This education was formal where by students were supposed to sit in class to access education with a written curriculum. However the curriculum was prepared in Europe 19 th C-20 th C.</div>
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Basically colonial education was provided by two agencies which were churches through introduction of missionary schools and colonial government its self through the establishment of government schools.</div>
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OBJECTIVES OF COLONIAL EDUCATION</div>
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1. Aimed at providing a staff of Africans with adequate capabilities of managing clerical and minor functions in colonial states; where by those who went to secondary schools were expected to civil servants and those who had primary education were expected to be good farmers with skills in crop cultivation and animal husbandry.</div>
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2. Colonial education aimed at perpetuating religious values.</div>
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3. Aimed at perpetuating western civilization/culture.</div>
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4. It was not designed to prepare young people for service of their own country instead it was motivated by a desire to inculcate the values of their societies.</div>
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5. Aimed at supervision of colonial economy like agricultural production so as to make Africa a market for European manufactured goods introduced in the colonies.</div>
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6. It aimed at import of the official ideology of the colonizers like learners were supposed to be obedient, well disciplined and time conscious so as to fulfill the objectives of the colonizers.</div>
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7. It aimed at deafricanization of African people because learners of the colonial education were supposed to follow western values and abandon African values.</div>
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8. It aimed at spreading Christianity religion in African colonies. Africans who belonged to other religions such as Islamic religion were supposed to follow Christianity in order to be admitted in seminaries and government schools.</div>
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<b>IMPACTS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION</b></div>
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1. Colonial education produced nationalists who led to African independence example; Kamuzu Banda (Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Abdul Nassor (Egypt), etc. All those were the products of colonial education.</div>
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2. Introduced skills to students and pupils where learners of colonial education learnt many things and acquired skills for a short time because education provided by the colonialists had a defined curriculum. For example skills like reading and writing which could be used for communication worldwide.</div>
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3. Colonial education acted as a base for manpower preparation where by many Africans went to schools during colonial education had positions in the governments.</div>
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4. Colonial education resulted to killing of African culture (dissociation of Africans who got colonial education), colonial education alienated educated Africans for their own culture. For example educated Africans discouraged and disrespected anything indigenous and instead they praised European culture.</div>
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5. Led to regional imbalance where by regions with economic resources had more schools than those with less resources for example Kigoma region in Tanzania received less priority in education than cash production areas like Mbeya, Kagera, Kilimanjaro, Tanga etc.</div>
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6. Led to discrimination in African continent where by education was provided basing on sex, religion, race and class. For example Colonial education based on race where by Asians, whites and black each had their own separate schools, for example colonial Tanganyika Mkwawa High School currently college of education of University of Dar es salaam saved only the whites, likewise colonial education led to gender inequality where by colonial schools had few girls compare to boys for example in Tanganyika in 1956 there were only 204 girls in secondary schools out of 4409 students in secondary schools.</div>
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7. Resulted to provision of education basing on colonial environment. The African students were taught lessons about European environment and in negative and a little about Africa for example students in geography class were taught about seasons of climate in Europe which were summer, winter,spring and Autumn while those seasons were very strange to African students who are used only to rainy and dry seasons.</div>
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<b>EDUCATION POLICY CHANGES IN TANZANIA (1962 – 1967)</b></div>
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After independence, there were several changes in the education policy. The aim of these changes was to make education the engine of economic development. The changes included the following;</div>
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a) The government made education a right to all Tanzanians irrespectively of one’s race or level of income. Colonial education had discriminated the Africans in the provision of education whereby preference was given to Europeans and Asians.</div>
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b) There was an increase of primary and secondary school enrollment following the government’s campaign and emphasis on education. Enrollment in colonial education was restricted, the colonialists simply wanted a few Africans who would assist the colonial administrators.</div>
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c) There were changes regarding the content of colonial education. There was introduction of various disciplines and not only the agricultural sector. This was a crucial step in producing educated people with different skills; this move was taken to support development in the country.</div>
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d)The government established the university college of Dar es salaam as the state university. The establishment of the university was to acquire highly educated Tanzanians who will play a leading role in developing the country.</div>
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<b>THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION FOR SELF RELIANCE</b></div>
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The following were noted by Nyerere in the education system by 1967 (weakness in colonial education)</div>
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i Formal education is basically elitist in nature catering to the needs and interest of a small population who manage to enter formal schooling. In practice the thought of education is training for skills so as to earn high salaries in the modern sector of our economy.</div>
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ii The education system divorces its participants from the society for which they are supposed to be trained.</div>
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iii The system breeds the notion that education is synonymous with formal schooling and people are judged and employed on the basis of their ability to pass examinations and acquire paper qualifications.</div>
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iv The system does not involve its students in productive work such a situation deprives society of their much needed contribution to the increase in national economic output and also breeds among the students contempt for manual work.</div>
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In summary, education for self reliance proposed the following changes in the education system in Tanzania. (Views of education for self reliance)</div>
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1 It should be oriented to rural life. The education system should not divorce people from their society they live in. it should be relevant to the society.</div>
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2 Teachers and students should all engage in productive activities; the students should participate in the planning and decision making process of organizing these activities.</div>
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3 Productive work should become an integral part of the school curriculum and provide meaningful learning experience through the integration of theory and practice.</div>
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4 Examinations should be downgraded. Passing examinations should not be the main goal of the education system, education should prepare its products how to survive i.e. it should be education for life.</div>
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5 Children should begin school at seven years so that they would be old enough and sufficiently mature to engage in self reliant and productive work when they leave school.</div>
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6 Primary education must be complete in itself rather than merely serving as a means to higher education after school. People should be in position to creates jobs and be self reliant.</div>
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7 Students should become self confident and cooperative and develop critical and inquiring minds. The education system had to produce people who can express themselves and are able to work with other.</div>
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Achievements of the education for self reliance in Tanzania</div>
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It cannot be denied that Nyerere’s education for self reliance registered some achievements in Tanzania. Some of the notable achievements are listed here below.</div>
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a) Education was made a right of all Tanzanians.</div>
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This was done irrespectively of one’s race and level of income. There was introduction of free education from primary level to the university thus making it possible for all Tanzanians to have access to education.</div>
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b) Increased literacy rate.</div>
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The policy of education for self reliance played a great role in increasing the literacy rate in the country. Tanzania’s adult literacy rate was among the highest in Africa, it was about 85%. This was due to the deliberate policy of Nyerere to introduce adult education.</div>
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c) Introduction of unity.</div>
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Education for self reliance was very instrumental in the introduction of unity in the country. It was characterized by absence of discrimination and the students who were admitted in secondary schools were posted to different areas in the country besides their home areas, this policy promoted unity in the country.</div>
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d) Regional balance.</div>
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The policy led to regional balance in the country. Colonial education was characterized with regional imbalance where education was mainly offered in production areas thus neglecting other areas which had nothing to offer to the colonialists. Education for self reliance ensured that all regions have access to education.</div>
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e) Use of Swahili.</div>
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Education for self reliance was characterized with the introduction of Swahili as the media of instruction. This language is now the national language of the country and it is very instrumental in reducing aspects of tribalism thus ensuring unity.</div>
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f) Diversification of the education curriculum.</div>
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There was diversification of content in the education system from being mainly agricultural to different disciplines. This was crucial step in producing educated people with different specialties; this move was taken to support development in the country.</div>
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g) Increased enrollment in both primary and secondary schools.</div>
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There was an increase of primary and secondary school enrollment following the government’s campaign and emphasis on education. Enrollment in colonial education was restricted; the colonialists simply wanted few Africans who would assist the colonial administrators.</div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-5403945158362680922017-11-16T06:42:00.002-08:002017-11-16T06:42:26.895-08:00FORM FIVE;AFRICA AND EUROPE IN 15 TH CENTURY<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <b>AFRICA AND EUROPE IN THE 15TH CENTURY</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are divergent views that have been advanced by various historians regarding the African continent when it came into contact with capitalist in Europe. According to Eurocentric scholars, they claimed that before the advent of colonial rule, African societies didn’t have any kind of development; however African scholars argued that the continent had achieved a significant level of development in economic, social and political aspects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Development can be defined as the improvement in economic, social and political aspects.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYoKv3FNwijVAuih5SAOaz3baWSXzyjDvJpvlZAKvJZ2EIuaL0_bnMWvbATBGceR031b9gGP5R6wQ1PexjjXg8rM-992WmYxfjZTQLryyO1cJs3nhEcMmsaZ8QsiWVrh2Uv-8nkm14HFc/s1600/History-books.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="450" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYoKv3FNwijVAuih5SAOaz3baWSXzyjDvJpvlZAKvJZ2EIuaL0_bnMWvbATBGceR031b9gGP5R6wQ1PexjjXg8rM-992WmYxfjZTQLryyO1cJs3nhEcMmsaZ8QsiWVrh2Uv-8nkm14HFc/s200/History-books.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i . Trade</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are strong evidences of trading activities in pre colonial Africa. There were different types of trade i.e. local and long distance trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Local trade was the type of trade that was conducted within a given community.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Long distance trade was the type of trade which took place between one region and another. There was a long distance trade in east Africa which took place between the interior and coastal people of east Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The main participants were the kamba and nyamwezi from the interior and the Arabs and Swahili traders from the coast.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii . Agriculture</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By the fifteen century agriculture had developed in Africa. There were various types of agriculture in pre colonial Africa. These included permanent crop cultivation and shifting cultivation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Permanent crop cultivation took place in areas that received a lot of rainfall and fertile land. Mixed farming took place in those areas whose soil lost its fertility easily, thus forcing the farmers to shift from one piece of land to another land looking for fertile land. Mixed farming was widely practiced in the savanna region.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii Manufacturing industries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By the 15 th century Africa had developed a number of manufacturing industries such as salt making and copper mining. Salt making took place at Tagaza and Bilma in West Africa and uvinza in Tanganyika. Salt was not only used as an ingredient but also for preserving perishables.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Copper mining activities found in Africa by the 15 th century. Copper was only used for making ornaments. In central Africa, the Katanga region was famous for mining and processing copper. Copper mining also took place along the Gwai River in Zimbabwe</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv Maritime technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">To a certain extent African societies had developed maritime technology, this was around water bodies. The societies that had acquired this technology are the Ganda and kerewe in east Africa; these were making canoes that facilitated their movement along rivers and lakes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v Iron technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By the 15 th century most parts of Africa had developed the art of making iron and using iron. In Africa the knowledge of making iron and use of iron tools developed at different times and at different places. The first places to use iron were Ethiopians and Egyptians. At around 200BC Meroe & Axum became important sector for the production of iron</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">POLITICAL SYSTEMS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During the 15 th century, there were various political organizations in pre colonial Africa. This included the following</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i Age set system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This refers to the allocation of social functions according to sex and age groups. This system was mainly practiced by pastoral societies such as the Maasai of east Africa. The Maasai assigned social functions according to age groups. Example; from age of 0 – 8 no social functions were given, from 8 – 18 years, the boys were supposed to graze the animals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii Clan organization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This refers to control by clan head. This system mainly developed in the savanna region. The main economic activities were mixed farming and shifting cultivation. Mixed farming involved the cultivation of crops and animal keeping. Shifting cultivation involved the movement from one place to another searching for fertile land because the soil easily loses its fertility. Shifting cultivation made land very important, therefore societies needed strong leadership that would control and distribute land thus the rise of clan organization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii .State organization. The state is a large political unity with a heterogeneous population having a centralized system with powers to collect tributes. Most of the states in Africa were formed in the interlacustrine region which received heavy rainfall throughout the year. This type of environment supported the increase in production that led to increase in population thus contributing to the formation of states such as Buganda and Karagwe in east Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FACTOR FOR THE RISE OF STATE IN AFRICA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was feudal centralized state where the power was in hand feudula lords</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FACTOR FOR THE RISE OF STATE IN EUROPE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Changing of Trade organization, (to mechantalism) ii. Organization of security iii. Encouragement of production within empires for market iv. Formation of foreign policy (colonial policy) abroad so as to have primitive accumulation through piracy, banditry and looting.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">COMPARE AND CONTRAST WESTERN EUROPEAN POLITICAL SYSTEM WITH AFRICAN ONES IN THE 15th CENTURY.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i/ Comparison • Both were ruled by kings or queen or chiefs - Example, Mani Nzinga – Congo. • Function of the king were the same, In protection of citizens and defense for security for • Both defend or encourage exploitation of serfs by land lords. • Both encourage trade. Example: (a) In Africa, were engage in long distance trade. (b) In Europe – merchantile trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii/ Contrasts • Duration of the modal/ centralized state In Africa it was in pre- mature but in Europe of was reached, its mature • Emergence of merchants who challenged the rolling class while in Africa was not so • In Europe was Broad rolling class (complex) but in Africa was very parochial. • In Europe states Formation appeared after the turn of Roman empire for disintegration of slavery (and of slavery in Europe in Africa was not produced as a mode of production. • In Europe 15th , there was great changes in Feudalism, It was highest peak and break down to give room to capitalism. • Enclosure system in Europe while in Africa was not so • Highest level of education in Europe than Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Education</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This refers to the transmission of skills, knowledge and norms from one generation to the other. By the 15 th century Africa had its own education system which was largely informal in character. The young people acquired knowledge by imitating the behavior of the elders. However it should be noted that there was literacy in pre colonial Africa especially along the Nile River in Egypt and Mali</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. Religion</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There is strong evidence that by the 15 th century Africa had its own religion. Religious ceremonies were presided over by community elders, Example the laibon of the Maasai and the clan heads of clan organization. These elders were responsible for supervising religious ceremonies like organizing sacrifices.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADE IN THE SOCIETIES BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Both trades found in Africa and Europe led to specialization where by a group of people emerged and specialized in different economic activities for example in Africa they emerged a group of specialized in agriculture, fishing, iron melting, pastoralism and trade as well as in Europe there was emerged of groups of people who specialized in different economic activities such as traders (merchant kings), people who specialized in farming etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Both trade found in Africa and Europe during the 15 th C led to the development of science and technology in African and European societies. For Example It led to the development of ship building and, marine technology and compass bearing where by traders used advanced to travel in other parts of the world to look for raw materials, market, cheap labour etc. while in Africa there was development of different science and technologies which enabled traders to travel from one areas to another. For Example In West Africa traders across Trans-Saharan desert used camels from (West Africa) to (North Africa) used horse as means of transport.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Both trades found in Africa and Europe led to emergence of state (state formation). for example in Africa Ghana, Songhai, Mali, Oyo, Benin, Mwanamutapa empire, Mirambo empire as well as in Europe there was emergence of states especially in Britain and later on in France due to the trade. In Addition to that, the trade found in both Africa and Europe led to emergence of trading centers and growth of towns which later led to urbanization in both Africa and Europe. Example in Dodoma, Walata, Gao, Jere, but we also had some towns like Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pete, Lamu etc. as well as in Europe there ware towns due to trade such as Liverpool, Yorkshire, Manchester, Venice, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Both trades in Africa and Europe lead to emergence of goods and strong leaders who later controlled the state for example in Africa Mansa Kankan Musa (Mali), Askia Mohamed (Songhai), and Mwenemutapa (Mwenemutapa Empire).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Both trades found in Africa and Europe led to emergence of strong army which was well disciplined to protect state and its routes for example in Britain there was emergence of navy army.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Both trades found in Africa and Europe led to emergence of people who later became rich because of being involving in the system of exchange in the societies. For Example Kings and individual traders who involved were involved in the trade became rich. For Example in Africa Mansa Musa, Askia, Samouri Toure, Mirambo, Mwenemutapa and In Europe Kings also became rich because they got much profit from trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Both trades found in Africa and Europe led emergence of strong faith because the trade lead to unity among the people in the society. For example the Trans-Saharan trade in Africa led to emergence of Islamic faith West and North Africa while in some East African societies there was emergence of Christianity due long distance trade (LTD) as well as in Europe there were emergence of Christianity due to trade conducted between European societies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Trades especially in Europe during 15 th C lead to the growth of industries where by different industries were built using the wealth accumulated from trade. For Example Textile industries, Agricultural equipment industries.etc</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">9. Trade especially in Europe led to establishment of financial institutions like banks such as Barclays, House Lord in Britain after the merchant Kings and other. Traders had accumulated profit from the trade conducted between European nations and other continents of the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">IMPACTS OF TRADE (SYSTEM OF EXCHANGE) BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPE DURING THE 15 TH CENTURY</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.The trade led to stagnation of African technology simply because Africans who were skillful and knowledgeable were taken as slaves to offer their labour in big plantations and mining established by European absentee owners in America during the 15 th C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2.The Trade also led to exploitation of African natural resources such as minerals, raw materials etc was taken specifically for the development of European nations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3.The trade conducted between Africa and Europe during 15 th lead to destruction of African culture and introduction of European culture in Africa because it was during this contact African way of living, dressing style, marriage, eating Etc were destroyed by Europeans as Africans began to imitate what Europeans brought to African societies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Trade contact between Africa and Europe during the 15 th C led to fall and rise of some African states. African states which existed before the contact between Africa and Europe during the 15 th C collapsed like western sudanic states (Ghana, Songhai.etc.) while some other African states like Dahomey emerged due to the fact that their leaders and prosperity of the state depended on the triangular slave trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Trade lead to the collapse of African trade that existed before the 15 th C hence led to underdevelopment of African continent and development of European nations simply because it was that trade that culminated the situation for European development in all aspects (socially, economically and politically) and African underdevelopment in all aspects.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. The Contact between Africa and Europe during the 15 th C paved way for African colonization simply because this trade is the one which led to the influx of agents of colonialism such as trades, missionaries and explorers started their colonial ambition in Africa to explore the potential areas such as agricultural areas, mineral areas, lakes (water bodies) etc. hence colonialism.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPE BY THE 15 THE CENTURY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SIMILARITIES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Both Africa and Europe had developed in medicine technology to cure various diseases whereby they use roots, herbs and drugs to cure some diseases like malaria, cholera, etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Both societies had developed in iron technology where by some agricultural tools and many things were made both in Africa and Europe; example in Africa iron technology was found in Mwenemutapa Empire, Engaruka and in Britain, France.etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Both in Africa and Europe societies engaged in cultivation of crops; for example in Egypt there was a high development of farming activities especially through irrigation system along the river Nile especially during the dry seasons, In Zambezi basin there was agricultural development in which people practiced intensive terracing farming and in Europe there was use of irrigation system and use of scientific methods of farming during enclosure system</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Both societies engaged in handcraft activities for example both societies made things like pots, baskets, mats and other vessels for their own development.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5.Both societies developed in navigation technology for example in Europe there was ship building industries compass direction and compass bearing where by European merchant were used to cut across big seas and ocean while in Africa societies used canoes and dhows as the major means of water transport; for example along Nile river, along the shore of Lake Victoria, Tanganyika, Nyasa.etc. Canoes were used for fishing and ferrying people and goods from one place to another.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Both societies (Africa and Europe) had developed in an architecture engineering technology. For example in the ancient Mwenemutapa Empire around Zimbabwe, Egypt and Sudan there were great architecture technology. for example in Zimbabwe they built 30/20 feet high by using stones and in Egypt at Giza plateau near Cairo the great pyramids consisted of two million of block of stones each weighing more than two tones like in Europe there were big buildings found in big towns of Europe like Paris, London.etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Both societies made weapons for self defense, security and conquering weak states; for example both societies made weapons like swords, arrows, axes, spears, machetes, aves, shields and matchet guns.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">DIFFERENCES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.European societies were highly developed in animal breeding under enclosure system while Africa had not developed animal breeding under enclosure system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Africans were highly advanced in animal husbandry than European societies this might be even up to now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. European societies were in transition from domestic (Cottage industries) to factory system (big manufacturing industries) than in Africa where there is no any sign of transition to factory system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. European societies were advanced more in navigation technology than in Africa. for example by the 15 th C European societies had ship building technology, compass direction and compass bearing which helped European merchant to cut across big oceans and seas to trade with other societies of the world while Africans used canoes to paddle and dhows in order to navigate in big rivers and along the shores of lakes and oceans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Europeans were more advanced in gun making and bombs than Africans; the gun smiths were better than those of Africa in 15 th C. This shows the reason why the Europeans (particularly the Portuguese) managed to defeat African societies easily along the coast of Indian Ocean and managed to establish city states along East African coast.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPEAN FEUDAL MODES OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE RISE OF MERCANTILISM IN EUROPE </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are various factors that contributed to the rise of mercantilism in Europe;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) Improvement of science and technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This played a great role to the rise of mercantilism. Maritime technology made it possible for the European countries to conduct trade overseas. The ships enabled the transportation of large quantities of goods to various countries in the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Development of internal trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The development of internal trade contributed significantly to the rise of mercantilism because it introduced various items of trade. These goods were exchanged with other goods during the Trans – Atlantic slave trade, the Europeans provided Africans with clothes and spirit in return for goods such as gold and silver.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c) Enclosure system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The enclosure system involved passing laws by the parliament whereby wealthy land owners bought land from the peasants. The small peasants and common land in villages of Britain had to be grouped together and out under individual capitalist’s farms. The enclosure system increased agricultural production that facilitated trading activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d) Development of the banking system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There were various banks that were established in Britain e.g. Barclays bank. These banks contributed to the rise of mercantilism by providing loans and grants to the merchants who wanted to trade overseas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e) Rise of nation states.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The rise of nation states contributed to the rise of mercantilism in Europe. European monarchies such as the Tudor monarchy played a great role in the rise of mercantilism by giving security to the merchants which encouraged them to engage in mercantile activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f)Geographical discoveries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This was made by different scholars, contributed to the rise of mercantilism. Christopher Columbus discovered America which was followed by the establishment of capitalist enterprises such as farms and mining which encouraged trading activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g) Rise of the Trans Atlantic slave trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Trans Atlantic slave trade was an economic system that involved three continents i.e. Africa, Europe and America. The trading system consolidated mercantilism by making it possible for European countries to trade with Africa and America. Africa provided slaves, America produced raw materials and Europe provided manufactured goods.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE ROLE OF THE TUDOR MONARCHY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MERCANTILISM IN ENGLAND</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Before the industrial revolution, the dominant form of capital in Western Europe was merchant capital, it was capital obtained from trade. Western Europe came into contact with the rest of the world through trade; this system of trade is known as mercantilism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The development of mercantilism in England went through two faces namely;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) First phase which took place from mid 15 th C – mid 17 th C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Second phase which took place from mid 17 th C – mid 18 th C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The first phase was associated with the Tudor monarchy was an English dynasty that descended from King Henry VII to Elizabeth I.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy played a significant role in the rise of mercantilism in England.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) Acquisition of colonies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy helped the merchants to acquire colonies. Colonies were important in the whole system of mercantilism because they provided markets and raw materials such as gold and silver which were needed by the merchants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Chartered trading companies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy charted trading companies had given them exclusive rights to trade all over the world. The most importance of these companies were the royal Africa company charted in 1588 in order to organize slave trade and east India company chartered in 1600 for trading with India and the far east including china and Japan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c) Set up navigation acts.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy set up navigational acts of the 17 th C which were introduced to monopolize the rights to transport goods into and from the colonies as well as the profits obtained from transportation between the mother land and the colony.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d) Ensured constant supply of wool.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy assured the merchants constant supply of wool by stopping the export of wool. Wool was important as a raw material in the textile industries. The textile industries were very important during the early days of the industrial revolution in Britain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e) Promoted organization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy provided organization of merchant groups for the exploitation and settlement in the new world. By the 17 th C, many Britons were investing overseas, these included members of parliament and merchants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f) Security.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy assured the merchants protection on the high seas from pirates. Mercantilism was characterized with primitive accumulation of capital; one of the methods used to acquire capital was piracy, thus the assurance of protection encouraged the merchants to engage in trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g) Provided loans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy provided loans and grants to the merchants, the provisions of loans and grants encouraged the merchants to engage in mercantile activities thus leading to the development of mercantilism in Britain.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">h) Developed and consolidated maritime technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy contributed to the development of mercantilism in Britain by developing and consolidating maritime technology. Maritime technology made it possible for the merchants to trade overseas with Africa and America thus the rise of mercantilism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i) Discarded feudal elements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy abandoned feudal elements and promoted capitalism, this led to the emergency of the merchant class. The merchant class conducted trade overseas which contributed to the rise of mercantilism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sources of primitive accumulation of capital during mercantilism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) Long distance trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The capitalists obtained capital from the long distance trade that was conducted among various continents such as Africa, America and Asia. This was the Trans Atlantic slave trade. European countries acquired capital by accumulating precious metals such as gold and silver which was based on unequal exchange.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Crusades</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These wars were fought between the Muslims and the Christians from the 11 th to 12 th centuries. The Christians claimed that these were holly wars which aimed at the holly lands from the Arabs. It should be noted that the wars were accompanied with massive looting which formed the basis of primitive accumulation of capital.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c) Confiscation of church property.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The church in England controlled large estates of land but between 1535 and 1539 AD. King Henry VIII following the advice of his chief minister Thomas Cromwell decided to confiscate church property. The land was grabbed and sold to the capitalist; this capital was acquired by using primitive means.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d) Feudal wars.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The feudal wars were very common in Europe especially between 1337 and 1453 AD. There was the hundred year’s war between the French and the British monarchies. These wars were characterized with plundering and looting which help the European powers to accumulate capital that contributed to the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e) Enclosure system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This system involved evicting peasants and serfs from their land. The land was sold to the capitalist who organized it into compact forms and enclosed it. The enclosure system contributed to the improvement of the agriculture sector which led to the rise of the industrial revolution, but the eviction of the peasants and serfs was a primitive act.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f) Protectionist policies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mercantilism was associated with protectionism especially in England which was the major power during the mercantile period. The Tudor monarchy introduced navigational acts that denied other countries from trading freely with England and her colonies. This aimed at protecting the British interests.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">WHY BRITAIN SUCCEEDED IN MERCANTILE TRADE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was the most successful nation in Europe in mercantile trade especially during the second phase which took place between the 15 th and 18 th centuries. Britain was also the first country to industrialize because it was very active during mercantilism. There are many factors that aided Britain to dominate mercantilism in Europe or the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) Role of Tudor monarchy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tudor monarchy played a great role in the development of mercantilism in Britain and ensuring that the country became the most powerful during the mercantile period. The monarchy acquired colonies that provided raw materials and markets to the merchants and it also promoted political stability that encouraged domestic production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Development of maritime technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Maritime technology first developed on a larger scale in Britain then it spread to other countries. Maritime technology facilitated inters–continental trade that greatly contributed to the development of mercantilism in Britain. Ever since the 14 th C Britain has been enjoying an extra advantage over navy supremacy than other European nations and used this advantage to dominate mercantile trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c) Increase in internal production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are various changes that took place in the agricultural and industrial sectors in Britain. These changes boosted internal production that stimulated trade with other countries. Britain traded with north and South America, Asia and Africa thus she was able to dominate other countries in mercantile activities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d) Acquisition of colonies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain had so many colonies in Africa, America and China. These colonies guaranteed the merchants sources of raw material and markets thus leading to the development of mercantilism in Britain.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e) Imposition of protective tariffs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The establishment of navigation acts of the 17 th C provided moral and material support to the merchants by protecting them from competition. By this law, all goods exported to British colonies had to be carried by British ships and all goods from British colonies were supposed to be shipped first to Britain before exporting them to other countries. The navigation acts played a crucial role in helping Britain to dominate mercantilism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">f) Enclosure system.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was the first country to implement the enclosure system in the 16 th century. The enclosure system involved grouping all peasants and common land in the villages in two compact forms, this land was subjected to commercial production. The enclosure system led to increase in production which contributed to the development of mercantilism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">g) Exploitation of other countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain was able to exploit heavily the weak nations, Portugal depended heavily on the military support from Britain against her rivals such as Spain and in return Britain got economic gains. These activities contributed to the development of mercantilism in Britain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE TRANS ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This refers to the type of trade that involved three continents Africa, America and Europe. In this trading system, Africa was the source of cheap labor which was in the form slaves. America was the source of raw materials and Europe was the source of manufactured goods, hence the triangle. The main participants were Britain, France, Holland and Portugal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Origin</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There are various factors that contributed to the rise of the Trans Atlantic slave trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">a) Discovery of the new world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The discovery of the new world that is America by Christopher Columbus in 1492 contributed to the rise of Trans Atlantic slave trade. The Europeans rushed to America and established plantations and mining centers which demanded for labor, this necessitated the importation of Africans thus the beginning of the Trans Atlantic slave trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">b) Discovery of maritime technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The discovery of the art of making ships and compass direction played a fundamental role in the rise of the Trans Atlantic slave trade, this technology made it possible for Europeans to trade with various countries across the Atlantic Ocean.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">c) The inability of the indigenous people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">At first the Europeans were using Native Americans, red Indians to provide cheap labor on the plantations and mining centers; but these later died in huge numbers due to plague. This called for the importation of African slaves which contributed to the rise of the Trans Atlantic slave trade.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">d) The establishment of plantations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">After the discovery of the new world, many Europeans flocked to America; these included the British, French, Portuguese and the Dutch. Many of these immigrants established plantations that caused more demand for slave labor. The increased demand contributed to the development of Trans–Atlantic slave trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">e) Accessibility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The accessibility between the new world and the West African coast facilitated the rise of the Trans Atlantic slave trade. The distance from West Africa to the new world is very narrow thus it made it possible for the transportation of goods between the two regions.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EFFECTS OF THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Trans Atlantic slave trade was a disaster to Africa. It is one of the factors which contributed to under development in Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(a) Economic effects</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Removal of African labor; The Trans Atlantic slave trade was associated with the uprooting of many Africans who were taken to provide cheap labor on European plantations in America. The ones who were taken were between the ages of 15 and 35 who made up the productive force in Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii. Stagnation of African technology; The Trans Atlantic slave trade contributed to the stagnation of African technology. It led to the flooding of European manufactured goods which were exchanged for slaves. Due to these goods , the Africans found it easier to sell their fellow Africans in exchange for manufactured goods hence they neglected production which led to the stagnation of African technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii. Decline of African agricultural production; There was decline in agricultural production due to the loss of labor. Those who were taken as slaves were the ones who were very active in farms, thus their removal led to shortage of labor consequently causing the decline in agricultural production.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv. Decline of African traditional industries; It contributed to the decline of African traditional industries due to the flooding of European manufactured goods. Due to these goods Africans abandoned production and exchanged their fellow Africans with the Europeans goods. The manufactured goods from Europe also destroyed African traditional industries by killing the market for African local goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">v. Insecurity; The major item of trade during the Trans–Atlantic slave trade was slaves. The slaves were acquired through release of ambushing and raiding various villages, these activities contributed to insecurity which disrupted trade and agriculture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(b) Social effects</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Depopulation; It led to depopulation because millions of Africans were uprooted and exported to America as cheap labor. It is believed that during the 400 years of slave trade, around 100,000,000 Africans were taken as slaves.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ii.Famine; The Trans Atlantic slave trade contributed to famine in Africa. The trade was characterized with insecurity because of slave trading activities, the insecurity made it difficult for people to engage in agricultural production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iii. Erosion of African culture; The Trans Atlantic slave trade was associated with an influx of foreigners especially Europeans. This led to a destruction of African traditional values because Africans were coping European culture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">iv. Break down families; There was break down of families because various members were taken as slaves.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">(c) Political effects</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">i. Fall of states; The Trans Atlantic slave trade contributed to the collapse of some states in West Africa, these included Oyo and Benin. These states collapsed because of slave trading activities which led to famine and depopulation consequently leading their decline.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CONTRIBUTION OF MERCANTILISM TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mercantilism had great impact in the development of industrial revolution and the eventual transformation of European countries into big powers. The European countries accumulated capital for around 300 years. It should be noted that mercantilism was a blessing to Europe, but a tragedy to Africa. The contribution of mercantile trade to the developing of European industrial capitalism included the following;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I. Accumulation capital.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The European countries acquired a lot of capital from mercantilism. The countries were able to accumulate a lot of capital throughout the 300 years of mercantilism through unequal exchange, the obtained precious metals such as gold, silver and diamond which they used to finance the industrial revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">II. Source of cheap labour.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mercantilism was associated with slave trade, during this period millions of Africans were uprooted and exported to America, where they provided</span></div>
</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-20756134517329613352017-11-16T01:12:00.000-08:002017-11-16T06:32:05.679-08:00PRE COLONIAL AFRICAN SOCIETIES<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FORM FIVE HISTORY TOPIC 1; PRE COLONIAL AFRICAN SOCIETIES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Human labour: - Is a purposeful activity directed at the production of necessary product. Human labour includes personal factors in the production process such as skills, experience, scientific and technological knowledge. Labour is therefore the primary condition for human life because for man to survive he must satisfy his wants.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Means of labour: - These are things people use in production that is the tools of production. These tools include machines, hoes and more. Production is aided by the instruments of labour.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Objects of labour – These are things that are subjected to man’s labour or they are things upon which man’s labour is applied land being the most common object.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Relation of production - is the process of production people act on nature and the same time enter into relations with one another. The relations of production are determined by the form of ownership of the means of production and distribution of the products of labour. That is to say is the absence or existence of classes and exploitation in the society.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Mode of production – This is the combination of productive forces and the relations of production. The productive forces include human labour, means of labour and objects of labour. The modes of production are communal, slavery and feudal modes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">MODES OF PRODUCTION IN PRE –COLONIAL AFRICA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The modes of production in pre –colonial Africa included:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(a) Communal mode of production</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(b) Slave mode of production</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(c) Feudal mode of production</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A. COMMUNIAL MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is the oldest system of social relations and preside all the other modes of production. It marked the rise of society from sheer animalism to human society. The main activities were hunting and gathering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">OR</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is the earliest form mode of production in human history where evolution of society started, people were powerless before the environment and depended on whatever nature gave them for food; such as insects, roots and tools involved were; stones, arrows etc</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Examples of societies practicing communal mode:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maasai of East Africa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fulani of West Africa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Khoikhoi of South Africa</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FEATURES OF COMMUNAL MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Collective ownership – There was collective ownership of major means of production. E.g. Land was owned by the whole society. It led to absence of exploitation because means of production were not owned by few people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Low level of production forces –It was characterized by low level of production forces because the tools were mode out of stones.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Absence of trading activities -absence of surplus lead to absence of trade because whatever produced was consumed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Low level of production – This was due to low level of tools of production, that means non surplus and whatever produced was consumed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. No exploitation – There was no any exploitation because of collective ownership.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NB: - This mode changed within time depending of discovery of iron tools which increased production leading to surplus which transformed to exploitative modes to exploitative modes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">B. SLAVE MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is the first exploitative mode of production. Here a person became an absolute Property of another man. Slaves dominated by slave masters. It should be noted that many African societies transformed directly from primitive communalism to feudalism as a result slave mode was not well developed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was highly practiced in Egypt, Slaves built pyramids.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FEATURES OF SLAVE MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Existence of two antagonistic classes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There was existence of two antagonistic classes, that is slaves and slave masters. Slaves were producers of their own material requirement’s and surplus products for their masters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Private ownership. There was private ownership of the major means of production, whereby means of production are slaves and are owned by slave masters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Existence of exploitation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was characterized by exploitation of man by man, because Slaves were the ones who were involved in production and whatever they produced was appropriated by the slave masters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Relatively advanced tools.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The level of productive forces was still low but relatively advanced than under communal mode of production. Production relatively advanced leading to surplus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Relatively high level of political institutions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is due to the use of better tools of production which increased production which supported increase in population leading to formation of states or Kingdoms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NB: - The slave mode of production later declined due to conflicts between the slaves and slave masters over exploitation of the slaves by slaves masters. The decline of this mode, paved way for the rise of another mode known as feudal mode of production.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">WHY PRE-COLONIAL AFRICAN SOCIETIES DID NOT DEVELOP (ADVANCE) SLAVE MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Following are the reasons showing clearly that the pre-colonial Africa did not develop slave as mode of production:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Slavery existed in few parts of Africa as an institution and not as a mode of production these areas were;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">· In Zanzibar; where by slavery existed after Sultan Seyyid Said shifted his capital from Muscat-Oman to Zanzibar in 1840, so slaves were taken from Central and East Africa to perform various activities or tasks in Zanzibar island like domestic activities such as cooking, mopping, fetching water, keeping gates (watch), taking care of elders and children and others offered labour in cloves and coconut plantations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">· In Egypt; where by slaves were taken from western Sudan and forest areas to perform various activities during Pharaoh’s regime (Period)(rule), these activities were such as constructing canals, making calendar, building tombs, performing various domestic activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">· Maghreb societies (Morocco,Tunisia and Algeria); slaves were taken from various parts of Western Africa And Northern East Africa to perform various activities in Maghreb societies, for example they were taken to offer their labour in Agriculture like palm dates and domestic activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Slavery co-existed together with feudalism in many parts of Africa. In Africa slave mode of production was not noted as the mode of production simply because the only mode of production in those areas was feudalism for example in Zanzibar the mode of production was feudalism however slavery also existed there.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. In Pre -colonial African societies there was no slave masters or class of slave masters which showed clearly that the mode of production existed in pre -colonial African societies was not slavery and rather it was feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.The level of development of productive forces used during the transition from primitive to feudalism showed that the slavery (Slave mode of production) did not exist in Africa for example some societies which were in transition to feudalism decided to use hoe to cultivate on the land which showed as the mode of production existed was feudalism based on land ownership.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">TRANSITION FROM SLAVERY TO FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Major factors for the decline of slavery and the emergence of feudal mode of production were as follows:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Improvement of productive forces during the slavery; changed the social and technical relation of production and geared to the decline of slave mode of production and the rise of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Existence of class struggle in slavery. The series of slaves uprising against the masters at the end of the day led to collapse of slave mode of production and hence emergence of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The Failure of the productive forces to correspond with social and technical relational production (relation of production). According to Karl Marx (1818-1883) pointed out that if productive forces and social and technical relation of production in a certain mode of production are not going hand in hand with the existing mode of production then such mode of production will collapse and pave a way to another mode of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Slaves lacked interest in labour; they frequently destroyed the equipment of production owned by slave masters hence slavery collapsed.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The cruel exploitation of slaves and ruthlessness and oppression done by the save masters to slaves led the slaves to revolt against the slave masters hence slaves became free from being controlled by the slave masters this led to the collapse of slavery(slave mode of production).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The Slave owners (slave maters) with vast number of slaves were not interested in including the tools of production; they continued to use the old productive forces which automatically led to the collapse of slave mode of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. The constant military campaigns led to the number of slaves to drop down and the prices to get slaves increased this led slave masters to fail to continue with this mode of production (slavery).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was the second exploitative mode of production based on private ownership of land. It was common in Africa since 14th to 19th century.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Example of societies practiced feudalism:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">- Haya in Tanganyika</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">- Zulu in South Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">FEATURES OF FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Existence of two dominant classes; there were dominant classes that is the feudal lords and peasants. The feudal lords / land lords controlled/owned land and peasants were employed by them.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Private ownership.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was characterized by private ownership as in the major means of production were controlled by the feudal lords. Example: - Land and cattle were property of the feudal lords. If peasants wanted to use the land, they had to pay.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Exploitation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was characterized by exploitation of man by man because major means of production were controlled by a few people who are the feudal / land lords. Peasants were exploited through payment of rent.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Advanced tools of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The level of productive forces was advanced which led to high level of production; this led to availability of surplus.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">PRE – COLONIAL AFRICAN SOCIETIES</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the time of colonization, most of pre–colonial African societies were in the communal mode of production but in transition to the feudal mode of production. Some societies were in the feudal mode of production. The slave mode of production was not well developed because most of the Africa societies transformed from the communal mode directly to the feudal mode of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There were various characteristics of pre – colonial African societies</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. The family was the basic unit of production. This limited the division of labour and it was a hindrance to the development of science and technology, consequently agricultural production was always low in pre – colonial Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. The level of productive forces was very low because the tools used were made of stones. The use of primitive tools led to low levels of production which in turn contributed to the absence of surplus.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Land was the commonest object of labour; its distribution was on cultural values and traditions. In clan organization land was distributed by the clan head on customary laws.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. There were some class societies in pre–colonial Africa. For example under the slave mode of production; there was a class of slave masters and the slaves and in feudal mode of production was characterized by a class of land lords/ feudal lords, and peasants.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. The major economic activities were agriculture and pastoralism. Agriculture was mainly carried out by feudal societies and it was common in the interlacustrine region. Pastoralism was mainly practiced by societies that level in the rift valley region for example the Maasai of East Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The pre–colonial African societies were pre–capitalist because there are three modes of production. I.e. communal, slavery and Feudal modes of production. The capitalist mode of production was introduced during colonialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Production in pre–colonial Africa was mainly for consumption and not for the market. Production for the market was introduced during colonialism whereby Africans were producing raw materials for the export market.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NOTE: - It should be noted that the pre–colonial African societies were not at the same level of development.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">WHY SOME AFRICAN SOCIETIES WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP THE FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION/REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Pre–colonial African societies were not static or unchanging they went through various transformations that were influenced by the nature of the environment, climate and soil fertility.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some factors enabled some African societies to be able to transform from other modes of production to the feudal mode of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There are various factors that contributed to the rise of feudalism in Africa:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Nature of the environment</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Those areas in African that had fertile soils and received enough rainfall throughout the year supported agriculture on a large scale thus leading to the increase in production which facilitated the rise of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Advancement of science and technology</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The development of science and technology which was due to the making and using of iron tools led to drastic changes in agricultural production, this played a crucial role in the rise of feudalism in Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Increase in population</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The increase in population was due to increase in food supplies and standard of living. The increase in population resulted into shortage of land that facilitated the rise of feudalism due to private ownership of land.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Existence of strong political institutions</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The existence of strong political institutions for example states; played a big role in the rise of feudalism in Africa, these political institutions led to private ownership of land that led to the rise of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Shortage of land</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The shortage of land and its increase in value contributed to the development of productive forces since the people were conditioned to use small plots of land. Such factors threatened the existence of communal mode of production consequently paved a way to the increase of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Strong and well disciplined army</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Strong and well disciplined army led to the establishment of feudal societies and feudal states because the army was used by their leaders to go and conquer the areas of their neighbouring kingdoms hence increase the land for their societies for example in Buganda, Kabaka used army to conquer Bunyoro-Kitare under Kabalega also in South Africa were Shaka used army with establish Zulu Kingdom by conquering small kingdoms.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Growth and control of trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Trade was one among the reasons which led to emergence of some feudal societies. Societies which engaged in trade acquired iron tools and guns and these were used in agricultural production and expansion and consolidation of feudal societies/states. For Example the Buganda kingdom which engaged in trade got iron tools which helped them to get involved in permanent agricultural production of crops such as Banana that ensured constant supply of food and led to the establishment of permanent settlement.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">INFLUENCE OF MFECANE IN THE FORMATION OF STATES DURING THE 19 TH CENTURY.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">WHY SOME AFRICAN SOCIETIES WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP THE FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION/REASONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN POLITICAL ORGANIZATION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Pre–colonial African societies were not static or unchanging they went through various transformations that were influenced by the nature of the environment, climate and soil fertility.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some factors enabled some African societies to be able to transform from other modes of production to the feudal mode of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There are various factors that contributed to the rise of feudalism in Africa:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Nature of the environment</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Those areas in African that had fertile soils and received enough rainfall throughout the year supported agriculture on a large scale thus leading to the increase in production which facilitated the rise of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Advancement of science and technology</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The development of science and technology which was due to the making and using of iron tools led to drastic changes in agricultural production, this played a crucial role in the rise of feudalism in Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Increase in population</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The increase in population was due to increase in food supplies and standard of living. The increase in population resulted into shortage of land that facilitated the rise of feudalism due to private ownership of land.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Existence of strong political institutions</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The existence of strong political institutions for example states; played a big role in the rise of feudalism in Africa, these political institutions led to private ownership of land that led to the rise of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Shortage of land</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The shortage of land and its increase in value contributed to the development of productive forces since the people were conditioned to use small plots of land. Such factors threatened the existence of communal mode of production consequently paved a way to the increase of feudalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Strong and well disciplined army</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Strong and well disciplined army led to the establishment of feudal societies and feudal states because the army was used by their leaders to go and conquer the areas of their neighbouring kingdoms hence increase the land for their societies for example in Buganda, Kabaka used army to conquer Bunyoro-Kitare under Kabalega also in South Africa were Shaka used army with establish Zulu Kingdom by conquering small kingdoms.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Growth and control of trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Trade was one among the reasons which led to emergence of some feudal societies. Societies which engaged in trade acquired iron tools and guns and these were used in agricultural production and expansion and consolidation of feudal societies/states. For Example the Buganda kingdom which engaged in trade got iron tools which helped them to get involved in permanent agricultural production of crops such as Banana that ensured constant supply of food and led to the establishment of permanent settlement.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">INFLUENCE OF MFECANE IN THE FORMATION OF STATES DURING THE 19 TH CENTURY.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE MFECANE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mfecane is a Ngoni word used to refer to the wars and disturbances which accompanied the rise of the Zulu state under Shaka from 1818. The Mfecane can also be defined as the time of trouble in South Africa. It was a great upheaval which affected areas as far as Western part of Tanzania. The Mfecane dominated the first hold of the 19 th century in South Africa.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Causes of the Mfecane:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Population pressure</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Zulu land is part of the Eastern corridor of South Africa between the Drakensburg Mountains and the Indian Ocean. Due to the favorable climate and absence of diseases such as malaria, its population tended to increase rapidly. As the population increased conflicts between those societies became common and intensified leading to the Mfecane.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Land shortages</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The people who occupied Zulu land were farmers, but the existing land was not enough due to population pressure, therefore the search for more land caused conflicts that later contributed to the outbreak of the Mfecane.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The coming of the Boers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the Boer Trek, the Boers left Cape Town away from British control and moved into the interior of South Africa, the penetration of the Boers into the interior of South Africa intensified the pressure on land which led to conflicts that caused the Mfecane.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The role of Shaka</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The outbreak of the Mfecane can also be attributed to the role of Shaka. Shaka pursued an aggressive and expansionist policy to expand his Kingdom, Zulu state. He attacked many states in the attempt of expanding his state, this action created conflicts that contributed to the outbreak of the Mfecane.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Control of profitable trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The need to control trade along the Delgoa Bay is one of the factors responsible for the outbreak of the Mfecane. Trade contacts with the coast were very important because it was associated with acquisition of guns that can be used for conquest and expansion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Effects of the Mfecane in East and Central Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane had a tremendous impact in East and Central Africa; some of the effects had a far reaching impact to Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Formation of states</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane led to state formation because the severity of these wars led to formation of strong armies for protection, but these armies were later used for conquest and expansion thus forming states. Examples of these states are the Shangani states in Zimbabwe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Spread of Ngoni speaking people</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The most permanent results of the Mfecane were the spread of the Ngoni speaking people. These people were called various names in different parts of Africa. They were called the Ngoni in Tanzania, the matebele in Zimbabwe and Kololo in Zambia.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Introduction of Military techniques</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane led to the introduction and spread of new military techniques such as the cow horn style which involved surrounding the enemy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Introduced of new weapons</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane led to the introduction of new weapons for example the short stabbing spears called the Assegai; these weapons were introduced by the Ngoni from Africa who came to East and central Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Depopulation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane led to depopulation because many people lost their lives due to the frequent wars, the most affected region was veld where by many people lost their lives.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Famine</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane led to widespread of famine in East and central Africa. The frequent wars caused insecurity that disrupted agricultural production and finally causing famine/hunger.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NOTE:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane was a great upheaval in the history of Southern Africa because it had far reaching effects in the region.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE ROLE OF THE MFECANE IN STATE FORMATION:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane refers to the wars and disturbances caused by Shaka and the rise of the Zulu state in South Africa. The Mfecane is also referred to as the time of trouble or turbulence in South Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The origin of the Mfecane was Shaka’s expansionist policies that led to the conquering states.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane played a great role in state formation in Southern Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Political transformation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane led to political transformation in Southern Africa, the former age group communities were transformed into strong centralized states. The Mfecane also forced people to form strong armies to protect themselves from Shaka; these armies were later used for conquest and expansion hence forming states. Zulu is a good example of a state formed due to the Mfecane.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Military advancement</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane contributed to the introduction of new military weapons such as the short stabbing spears and the cow horn style. These weapons were used for conquest and expansion thus forming states.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Emergency of strong leadership</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mfecane contributed to the rise of strong leadership; this was needed for protection from the Mfecane. Strong leadership had a big role to play in state formation because the leaders united the people to form states.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Migrations</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The societies through which they passed were forced to form strong states to protect themselves from the Mfecane. The movement of the Ngoni from South Africa was not a peaceful process; it involves wars that necessitated unity among the people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NOTE: - The Mfecane was a great upheaval in history of Southern Africa; it dominated the first half of the 19 th century in Southern Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE ROLE OF THE LONG DISTANCE TRADE IN THE FORMATION OF STATES IN EAST AFRICA</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade in East Africa refers to the type of trade that took place between the people of the interior of East Africa and the ones from the coast. The main participants were the Yao, Kamba, Nyamwezi and Baganda from the interior and the Arabs and Swahili traders from the coast. The main items traded were guns, beads and glassware that came from the coast and slaves, ivory, tortoise shells and copper from the interior of East Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The main medium of exchange was batter trade system, which is exchange of goods for goods.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade provided a crucial role in the formation of states in East Africa as follows.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Accumulation of wealth</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Those African chiefs who monopolized trade in pre–colonial African accumulated a lot of wealth that was used to build state in East Africa such as Buganda and Bunyoro. Kings such as Mutesa of Buganda, Kabalega of Bunyoro and Nyungu ya Mawe of Ukimbu accumulated a lot of wealth that was used to build strong states.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Introduction of guns</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade led to the introduction of guns into the interior of East Africa. These guns were used to strengthen armies that were used for conquest and expansion. Most of the states in East Africa were established through conquest and expansion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Active participation in agriculture</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade encouraged people to participate actively in agriculture to produce goods that can be exchanged during the trade. Active participation in agriculture increased agricultural production which accommodated in high population, this contributed to the formation of states. States such as Buganda, Karagwe and Bunyoro were formed in those areas where agriculture was active.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Emergency of strong leaders</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance contributed to the emergence of strong leaders such as Mkwawa of the Hehe and Mutesa of Buganda. These leaders played a fundamental role in the emergence of states in East Africa by uniting the people</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Migrations</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade encouraged migrations in East Africa. People moved from one place to another to take part in exchange of goods. The migration of people contributed to permanent settlement that had a role to play in state formation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Development of towns</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade contributed to the development of towns in East Africa, these include Ujiji, Tabora and Bagamoyo. These areas acted as trading centers therefore they attracted many people thus contributed to the state formation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Growth of trade routes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The long distance trade contributed to the development of trade routes in East Africa. These routes opened the interior of East Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE ROLE OF ISLAM IN FORMATION OF STATES DURING THE 19 TH CENTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A Jihad is a holy war in Islam. Jihads were one of the most significant events that dominated in West Africa during the 19 th century; they were mainly led by Othman Dan Fodio. Jihads can be traced back as far as the 10 th century when young Fulani immigrates with Islamic knowledge in politics influenced other people to start holy wars.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jihads under the umbrella of Islam played a fundamental role in state formation in West Africa, states such as Sokoto, Mandika and Tokoro were a result of Jihads.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">How, Jihads as an islamic war contributed to state formation in Pre–colonial Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Unification</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Jihads acted as a unifying factor that brought people together under one umbrella. Islam became the official ruling ideology of the state. The unity provided by Islam was very crucial in state formation. The Islamic law ‘sheria’ proved the alternative model of government with which to compare and attack their rulers. Conversion of nonbelievers was an essential duty of all Muslims.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Formation of strong armies</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Jihads were characterized with the establishment of strong armies; these armies were later used for conquest and expansion thus forming states. This was responsible for the formation for states such as Sokoto caliphate and Hausa states.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Emergency of strong leaders</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jihad contributed to the rise of strong leadership; these leaders were seen as Muslim reformers who managed to create strong leadership under their leaders like futa Djallon in Guinea in 1725 and the Sokoto caliphate.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Control of trade routes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Jihads led to the control of trade routes by the Jihad leaders. These trade routes attracted many people. The wealth accumulated was used to build strong states. Trade also accumulated guns that were used for conquest and expansion thus forming strong states such as Sokoto caliphate.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Consolidation of Feudalism</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jihads contributed to the consolidation of Feudalism as a mode of production, land was controlled by the Fulani, and the weapons accumulated were used to build states in West Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">PRE–COLONIAL EDUCATION AND CULTURE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Culture refers to the total way of life; it includes education, science and technology, political systems, and traditions. Education refers to the transformation of norms, skills and knowledge from one generation to another. Under normal circumstances, education must grow out of the nature of the environment; therefore the most outstanding feature of pre–colonial education was its relevance to Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Education is one of the pivotal roles in any type of society for the preservation of the uses of the members and maintenance of the social structure.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">These are two types of education namely</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Formal education</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Informal education</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Formal education:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Formal education is that type of education that follows specific programs; there is a defined syllabus and curriculum.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Informal education:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This refers to that type of education whereby young people acquire knowledge and skills by imitating the elders. It is based on one’s observations. Informal education is characterized with the absence of a syllabus but it involved active participation of the learners in games and plays.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was progressive as it involved all the stages of the physical emotional and mental development of the child.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It should be noted that there was formal education in pre–colonial Africa to a limited extent. Literacy was concentrated along Nile, North Africa and Ethiopia. This type of literacy was connected with religion, it was mainly found in universities such as Al – Azhar in Egypt, Fez in Morocco and Timbuktu in Mali.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">OBJECTIVES OF PRE-COLONIAL EDUCATION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(i) It produced a well rounded personality who could fit well in society in all aspect of life.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(ii) It enabled the young to abide to the culture of the society such as good moral and social conduct, loyalty and respect to all.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(iii)Pre-colonial education moulded the young people to accept, practice and perpetuate the traditions and culture of the society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(iv) Pre-colonial education prepare graduates to assume the duties and responsibilities of adult, through at low social level, in accordance with their age and merital status.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(v)Pre-colonial education also brought up children to value the wisdom of their elders, a vital component pre-colonial oral culture, and much of what they absorbed from their elders was instilled by role-learning.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(iv) Furthermore, pre-coloial education helped children to learn the history of their ancestors and the oral traditions and customs of their community or nation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Features of pre–colonial education in Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Informal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pre–colonial education in Africa was mainly informal; the young acquired knowledge by imitating the elders. In many African societies elders told stories around the fire places in the evening. These stories and all the information that the young received are what are called informal education.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Relevant to the society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was relevant to the society because it was born out of the environment of the concerned society. It produced well rounded individuals who could fit in their societies; it targeted self community and survival of the society. These was nothing from the alien community because everything stormed from the traditional and customs of the society in question.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. It was progressive.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pre–colonial education was progressive because it involved all stages of physical, emotional and mental development of the child. The young people were taught various specialist skills which followed a definite pattern starting from the simple to the complex ones.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. It put emphases on moral and social conduct. Pre–colonial education aimed at instilling good morals and social conduct to the young people. African societies had some accepted core valves and elders used to condemn strongly any action or behavior that tended to undermine the promotion of the accepted valves.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Encouraged</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Encouraged specializations.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pre–colonial African education encouraged specialization in certain fields. It aimed at preparing the young members of the community for specific responsibilities in future.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">People trained in activities such as medicine, iron working basketry and pottery.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Aimed at procreation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pre–colonial education aimed at procreation of production. The existing education system in the society shaped and stimulated production within the society. All activities aimed at production as to sustain the society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Lacked uniformity</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pre–colonial African education lacked uniformity. It varied from society to society depending on the economic, social and environmental conditions of a given society. Each society had its own customs and traditions depending on the environment of that given society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">LIMITATIONS OF PRE–COLONIAL AFRICAN EDUCATION</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. The programs of teaching were restricted to a certain period in the life of the individual especially at the time of initiation. The education system did not have specific program for older people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. It relied so much on memory and oral traditions; there was no way newly acquired knowledge, skills could be recorded or preserved for the future. Dependence on memorials led to loss of vital information that could be passed on the young people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Pre–colonial education did not have a specific and organic syllabus; each society had its own education which was based on the culture of that society. It should be noted that the environment determined the nature of occupations in pre -colonial Africa; this also shaped the content of education given to that particular society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Pre–colonial Africa education was characterized by parochialism because it was centered on a particular tribe and clan units. It readily responded to the needs of that particular tribe or region in question therefore it did not address the issues of the whole nation at large.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Pre–colonial African education lacked a social philosophical base that could have introduced a sense of uniformity and conformity. There was absence of a common language that could have united all the tribes thus ensuring skills are not confined within one particular tribe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Pre–colonial African education was too mythical, it relied on oral traditions; whereby many of the stories given by the elders cannot be proved scientifically. The elders had a tendency of being bias towards their tribe.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NOTE: - It should be note that despite its limitations. Pre–colonial African education paved a crucial role in development of African societies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CENTRAL AND DECENTRALIZED SOCIETIES IN PRE–COLONIAL AFRICA</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In these societies the power is centralized to a single person and the system of leadership was hereditaryin nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The examples of centralized societies are Toro, Buganda, Bunyoro of East Africa, Asante, Dahomey, Benin, Oyo, Tokolo and Sokoto of West Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Characteristics of centralized societies:-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. They extended over larger areas for the reason that territories were annexed and put under the governor who ruled on behalf of the King e.g. Zulu state and Buganda Kingdom.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. The Kings wielded political power that represented state authority. The centralization of power ensured national unity among the members of the society. As the King had supreme power, then he commanded wealth loyalty from his subjects, respect and prestige.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The throne (power) was hereditary in nature that Kings named their successor from among their children or relatives. It was the custom of the King to nominate his successor from amongst his children (family members) when he was living, if he died without appointing him, the elders and other important official have to take the responsibility of appointing the best child to take the throne.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. The internal stability of the Kingdom and defense from external aggression of neighboring states forced these societies to set up stable military machinery. This was aimed at maintaining the homogeneity of the Kingdom.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Despite the hierarchy in administration the Kings and their officials exercised authoritarianism rule (Absolutism) towards the subjects or followers. The council of elders whose role was to adult the king. They assisted him.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. The King was vested with juridical authority. His courts arbitrated all disputes and misunderstanding within the Kingdom as the King was the highest court of appeal.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. The King controlled the wealth of the Kingdom. He directed on how land should be used by all members of the society, for example land for agricultural activities and animal husbandry. He looted property and controlled foreign trade, through these means Kingdom accumulated much wealth in his state and he was expected to share generously with his subjects.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">8. The expansionist policy of conquest and raids accumulated much wealth for the Kingdom. The war captures were distributed to faithful servants and his hard working soldiers to make the harder and become braver.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">CASE STUDY</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">THE BUGANDA KINGDOM</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Buganda Kingdom was geographically on the shores of Lake Victoria; that means it is found in the interlacutrine region. It grew to its apex by the mid of the 19 th C. This was highly centralized monarchy and was one of the daughter states that came into existence after the collapse of the vastly expanded BunyoroKitara Kingdom.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">By the second half of the 19 th C Buganda became one of the strongest and largest Kingdoms in the interlacustrine region. They conquest and controlled several Kingdoms. Buganda Kingdom was under the leadership of Kabaka Mutesa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Factors responsible for the rise of the Buganda</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Centralization of power. The Kabaka governed the political organ and was considered as overall ruler. All political power was concentrated in his hands. He appointed all leaders on merit and dismissed all chiefs. His decision was final and binding. There was a hierarchy in administration, whereby there were a number of chiefs below the Kabaka. They helped to spread Kabaka’s authority throughout the Kingdom. The Kabaka’s throne was hereditary but there was no royal family / clan</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Organized Administrative System. The Kabaka governed the Kingdom with assistance of advisory council (Lukiiko). The council constituted the Prime Minister (Katikiro), the treasure (Muhanika) and the Chief justice (Mugema) as well as country chiefs; all these were Kabaka’s nominees. The legislative council gave advice to the Kabaka and enacted laws.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Stable military machinery.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kabaka established strong and well disciplined army for the sake of maintaining political stability in the state and defend the kingdom from external aggression. The Kabaka used army to maintain law and order, to pin down the rivals powers and pursued expansionist policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Bureaucratic system of government.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Bureaucratic system was employed in order to ensure effective administration of the Kingdom; whereby the whole of Buganda was divided into two countries (Gomborola), the sub–countries into parishes (Miluka) and finally perishes into sub–parishes. At all level the chief were Kabaka’s appointees.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. Kabaka’s marriage in each clan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Buganda Kingdom had approximately 52 clans, each with its own leadership. These provided the basis for the political unity for the whole administration of the Kingdom. For the sake of political harmony in the Kingdom, Kabaka married almost from every important clan. Hence intermarriages were a political weapon and created the possibility of getting Kabaka from any clan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">6. Agriculture.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Good climate and fertile soil favored crop cultivation. Due to the availability of goods, the population of the Kingdom began in tinkles and became flooded. Also some of them engaged in livestock keeping (pastoralism).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">7. Trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Buganda Kingdom developed trading contacts with he neighbors that were under governance of Kabaka. Because the Buganda were excellent bark clothes manufactures they participated in commercial activities by exchanging bark clothes for items such as iron tools and with the Bunyoro and cow , cattle, groundnuts and simsim with the iteso , langi and Ankelo.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">NB: It is clear stated that the second half of 19 th C, Buganda was one of the highly centralized Kingdom in the intercontinental region, Kingdom that had sound organization in the field of politics economic and social set up.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">DECENTRALIZED SOCIETIES (STATES)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In decentralized societies, basic unit of political organization was a clan, various clans constituted a tribe. These societies were clan head loyal clan authority. The clan head was chosen from among the elders when they merited the qualities of leadership such as his influence, wisdom and age, wealth.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Decentralized societies, had the following characteristics or attributes:-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. With equal rights to other members of the clan, the ruler had the responsibility of leading the clan but his position was hereditary. He resigned from power after the election of a new clan head, which took place whenever the former clan head became unpopular and was too old to perform his responsibilities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. There were no outstanding armies; the defense of the clan was carried out by all able bodied people (men). This was due to the fact that these societies did not involve in expansionistic policy and wars were scarce.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. The clan elders works to solve internal conflicts but if they become difficult they were transferred to the general Assembly, voting made the final decision compared to the centralized societies in which the Kings made the ultimate decision and was final court of appeal.</span></div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-22394255088636934012017-11-16T01:04:00.002-08:002017-11-16T01:04:42.929-08:00FORM TWO TOPIC;TRANSITION TO INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM IN AFRICA<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TRANSITION TO INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM IN AFRICA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The transition to industrial capitalism began during the period of mercantile Capitalism when the European nations such as Spain, Holland, Portugal and Britain sold goods from local small industries to Africa and Asia. European merchants got enough capital for discovery of industries during the mid – 18th century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Industrial capitalism firstly started in Britain in 1750.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was different demands that made occurance of industrial capitalism, these were;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Areas to invest capital. Due to unreliable markets and high concentration of capital in Europe, profit marginalization occurred. As a solution new areas for investment were needed among other areas, Africa provided the best areas for investment of such capital. In Africa the tropical crops could do better compared to other countries it was also a good source for non agricultural raw materials such as minerals and forest products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Need areas of Market. Due to the investment of capital in production, industrial goods flooded the European markets. Overproduction and under consumption became a critical problem among the industrial capitalists hence they were forced to look for markets outside Europe</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Needs for raw materials. The increasing production due to expansion of industries needed large quantities of raw materials supply. These materials included cotton, coffee, tea, iron ore, palm oil, sisal, sugar cane, tobacco and rubber. The available raw materials could not meet the demand needed by industries.This resulted into the search and control of the sources of raw materials. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Demand of Cheap labours. Due to labour consciousness caused by working class in Europe and Britain in particular, the need to search for cheap labour become important. This was a measure taken to compete in production for profit maximisation. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Area to settlement surplus labours. Also they demanded the area for surplus unemployed personal population in their countries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Agents of industrial capitalism</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There were about four groups of agents of industrial capitalism in Africa namely: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1.Explorers </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Missionaries </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Traders </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">EXPLORERS </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">During the nineteenth century the major aim of European powers was the exploration of Africa. In east Africa, exploration was done by the prominent explores such as Speke, Burton, Grant, Samuel Baker, Henry M. Stanley and Dr. Livingstone, while in central Africa and parts of Congo the prominent explorers were Dr. Livingstone and later Henry M. Stanley. And in West Africa the prominent explorers included Richard Lander, Dr. Barth Mungo Park, Clapperton, Dr. Baikie, Gaspard Mollien and Cailie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The journey of exploration was financed and supported by European capitalists. The main aim was to gather information about Africa because they needed a wider knowledge of the continent. They also wanted to know about the raw materials which African had to sell and the location of the main centers of population. Moreover, they were interested in the knowledge of transport potentialities of African great river systems. For example the British explorer, Mungo Park in 1780s, followed by Clapperton and Richard Lander explored the Niger and gathered important information about the economy and politics of West Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Roles of explorers</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They reported back about the potentialities of the African resources: Clapperton reported about the river Niger to the British government while Speke reported about the potentiality of Lake Victoria and named it Victoria to honor Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They provided important information about the nature of African societies: They reported about thehostility, calmness and hospitality of the African people. This information played a central role for the European colonialists during the decision making process regarding the colonisation of Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They explored important mountains and researched the geology, climatic conditions, topography, lakes and animal species in Africa:This knowledge later attracted European powers to colonise Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They provided messages to their government about the existing evils of slave trade and the areas where slave trade was still conducted:Dr. Livingstone's third journey through Tanganyika and Lake Regions of central Africa was targeted for that as a result he informed the English that the Yao's land was still characterised by slave raids and the effects of slave trade such as sufferings, insecurity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The information provided by explorers to their government was later used by humanitarians in the struggle against the colonisation of Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MISSIONARIES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">By the 19th century missionary activities had started in Africa. The pioneers were the protestant churches of Europe and America. It was only later that Roman arrived especially from France. The domination of missionaries were the London missionary society, the church missionary society, Roman Catholic missionary society and the universities mission to central Africa (UMCA).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Few Christian missionaries were directly active agents of imperialism. They were essential ingredients of the increasingly assertive European access to Africa. However In most cases European Christian played an important role in promoting and shaping the advent of European capitalism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The role played by missionaries in the colonisation of Africa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They acted as interpreters and propagandists at the time of treaty making:Mofat stayed among the Ndebele for about 30 years serving the British South African company (BSAC) for treaty making between the companies (BSAC) and King Lobengula.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They acted as advisors to African chiefs:The British missionaries of the church missionary society convinced Kabaka to accept protectorate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They introduced Western civilisation to the interior through education and schools:Thisaimed to prepare people of low ranks to serving colonial masters at the time of colonisation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Missionaries softened the minds and the hearts of Africans: Their activities were influenced by European imperialists' interests by preaching and emphasising the spiritual beliefs such as “give to God what which belongs to God," and "give to Ceaser what belongs to Ceaser”. In the long run this preaching weakened African opposition and shaped the regions for future colonial administration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They converted Africans to the new faith: They were easily employed as puppets to extend colonial rule. Typical examples are the converts of Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Ghana who were able to protect the British economic interests and paved the way for future colonisation by the British.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Missionaries reduced resistance among African societies: This was done by converting some societies and preaching obedience to administrators.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of new crops: Horner grew coffee at Bagamoyo around 1870 the church missionaries society grew cotton in Uganda. This prepared people to acquire the skills which were important for future cash crop production during the colonial era.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They helped in the abolition of slave trade: Theyplanned for successful Christianisation of the freed slaves as they preached the word of God. They wanted to create the conducive and peaceful environment for the development of legitimate trade which was exploitative in nature and was after capitalists interests.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Missionaries had closer links with rulers and interfered even in political matters:They allied European imperialism while they were working in the interior of Africa. This situation provoked the hostility from African rulers. In this case missionaries appealed strongly for the protection from their home governments, which later led to effective colonisation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TRADERS </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Traders were among the first Europeans to visit the interior and coastal areas of Africa. They came under the influence of capitalists who also supported missionaries and explorers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Their main aim was to exploit the new sources of raw materials, markets and new areas in which industrial capitalists had to invest their capital. Examples of traders are William Macknnon, James Stevenson, Harry Johnston and Carl Peters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The role played by traders in the colonisation of Africa </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They opened a new a exploitative system: Therefore, Africa became the target for European interests. This resulted in stiff rivalries and competition among European industrial nations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of circuit through legitimate trade: This involved the importation of European manufactured goods. Thus, the chain of dependence was created and the African local industries and the arts were destroyed. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Traders exposed Africa to the world capitalist system of economy: The use of currency, banking and credit facilities began to be witnessed by Africans. This resulted into exploitation of African resources. The fair and quick turns obtained by traders attracted European colonialists to come into Africa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They opened communication systems such as roads:This laid the foundation for future colonial infrastructure. For example, the road from Lake Nyasa to Tanganyika known as Livingstone road was opened by traders and was used during the colonial administration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">COMPANIES AND ASSOCIATIONS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Companies and association were among the most important agents of colonisation of Africa. Agents organised themselves into companies and associations. They received finance from their home government so as to operate effectively and differently in those areas, where the governing powers had their economic interests. They aimed at financing the exploration that showed the interest of coming to Africa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Examples of the association included the Royal British Geographical society, financed by John Speke to explore the river Nile. Another was the African Association of British, which in 1788 financed Mungo Park. Its major aim was to explore and identify the areas suitable for agriculture, which could produce enough materials for export. Another concern of that association was to identify the navigable rivers, mineral deposits and assessing the market available for industrial goods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the abolition of slave trade, merchant companies became increasingly involved in the interior of Africa. The major aim of these companies was to establish the so called “legitimate trade”. This was trade in commodities and other resources that industrial capitalist required as raw materials or as food for the urban working classes. The legitimate trade did not involve the selling and buying human </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Several companies in Africa were established at strategic points for the purpose of collecting important commodities for export and supplying manufactured goods from Europe. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In East Africa examples of these companies were the Imperial British East African Company (I.B.E.A.C) founded in 1886 by William Macknnon. It was also known as the British East Africa Association. Another company was the Germany East African Company (G.E.A.C) founded in 1884 by Carl Peters. In West Africa examples of companies formed included the Royal Niger Company (R.N.C) which was formed by George Turban Goldie in 1884. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The association was concerned with commercial activities. King Leopold expected that the company could improve the lives of native as well as civilising them, exploiting natural resources and abolishing slave trade and slavery in the region. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In central Africa the company prevailed was the Livingstone central Africa Company (L.C.A.C). it was formed by Scottish capita lists James Steven in 1878. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In south Africa there was the British south Africa company (B.S.A.C) formed by Cecil Rhodes as a private company and operated in south and central Africa by the year 1889, the company was given a royal charter that included the full powers to administer the company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The role played by companies in the colonisation of Africa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Monopolisation and exploitation of African resources: These resources were highly needed by the European capitalists in their industries. In all parts of Africa Company played a crucial role of collecting raw materials and carried out trade activities. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Elimination of local middlemen and creation of custom duties and tariffs: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These was carried out by the companies which attracted the imperialists powers to control Africa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The companies encouraged their home government to colonise Africa: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For example; the Royal Niger Company encouraged the British to colonise Nigeria after gaining the control of the different trading areas in the region. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Signing treaties: The company played an important role of signing different treaties with African local chiefs. These treaties helped imperial powers to claim and justify the colonisation of particular territories, especially during the Berlin Conference </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">One example was a treaty signed between Harry Johnston and chief Mandara of Uchaga in 1884 to control thirteen square kilometers of land in Kilimanjaro. Also Dr. Carl Peters of the society for German colonisation signed treaties with a number of chief between Pangani and Rufiji. These treaties were later used by the German government to control Tanganyika. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Creation of infrastructure: These included commercial centers, administrative headquarters, roads, railways and waterways. They were allocated in those areas where they operated where by later on were used by the imperial powers to transport administrators to colonise and impose laws on the land. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The companies laid foundations for their home government to colonise African: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They suppressed African resistance through a police force used to maintain peace, order and stability within the region. For example in East Africa, the German East African Company recruited Swahili, Sudanese and Buganda soldier to counter the coastal Arab resistance of 1888-1889. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They provided important information about economic potentiality of African areas:Africa was exposed to the imperial powers which aimed to colonise the continent. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The companies provided rudimentary administration in areas of their operation: Some company leaders such as Sir. George Turban Goldie of the Royal Niger Company, Harry Johnston, the representative of Cecil Rhodes of the British South Africa Company, attended the Berlin Conference of 1884-188 5. They also notified the conference about areas where they operate on behalf of their mother countries. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The company played an important role of marking of the administrative boundaries:Which were later identified as boundaries of the European spheres of influence. They prevented any other rival European imperial power from taking their territories. This was evidenced in East Africa where the German East Africa Company marked the area of the German in the Anglo-German rivalry and achieved the 1886 agreement. While in South Africa the British South Africa Company managed to map the claims of Britain, thus preventing the Portuguese from interfering in the British sphere of influence. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Furthermore, the companies used their security organs to abolish slave trade in the areas of their influence. They introduced legitimate trade in Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">ABOLITION OF SLAVE TRADE </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The British government was the first country to abolish slave trade during the years, 1822-1826. This was because of various factors. This includes the following.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Rise of humanitarians in Europe such as Christians and scholars condemned it on moral grounds. The missionaries wanted it to be stopped because they wanted good conditions for the spread of Christianity. The formation of humanitarian movement in England aimed at stopping all kinds of cruelty including slave trade, flogging of soldiers and child labour.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Industrialisation in Britain, e.g. Britain industrialists urged its abolition because they wanted Africans to be left in Africa so that Africa can be source of raw materials for their industries, market for European manufactured goods and place for new investment of surplus capital</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Formation of the anti slavery movement and the abolitionist movement in 1787, its chairman was Granville Sharp and others like Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce who gathered facts and stories about the brutality of slave trade and slavery to arouse public opinion in Britain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Religious revival in Europe, Anglican preached and condemned slave trade as opposed to laws of God and humanity. Catholic pope also protested against the trade and prohibited it. In 1774, many religious leaders served as examples when they liberated their slaves in England.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The French revolution of 1789 and the American revolution of 1776, emphasised liberty, equality and fraternity (brotherhood) of all human beings, as a result people began to question whether anyone had a right to deprive a fellow man of his liberty when he had done wrong.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The British desire to protect their national interests: British planters wanted slave trade stopped to avoid competition with other European planters. This is because other planters were producing cheaper sugar hence the need to stop over production</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The rise of men with new ideas:Prof. Adam Smith (challenged the economic arguments which were the basis of slave trade when he argued convincingly that hired labour is cheaper and more productive than slave labour, Rousseau spread the idea of personal liberty and equality of all men.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Slaves had become less profitable: Yethad led to overpopulation in Europe. Influential abolitionists like William Wilberforce (a British member of parliaments) urged the British government to legislate against the slave trade in her colonies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The ship owners stopped transporting slaves from Africa and began raw materials directly from Africa and America to Europe, which led to a decline in slave trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tactics Used During the Abolition of Slave Trade </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The movement to abolish slave trade started in Britain with the formation of anti-slavery movements. The British government abolished slave trade through anti slave laws (legislation), treaties and use of force. The anti slavery movement was led by Granville Sharp, other members were Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce and others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The first step was taken in 1772 when slavery was declared illegal and abolished in Britain. The humanitarians secured judgment against slavery from the British court.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1807, British parliament outlawed slave trade for British subjects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1817 British negotiated the “the reciprocal search treaties” with Spain and Portugal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Equipment treaties signed with Spain 1835, Portugal 1842 and America 1862. In east Africa in 1822 Mores by treaty was signed between captain Moresby and sultan Seyyid Said it forbade the shipping of slaves outside the sultan's territories. British sips were authorised to stop and search suspected Arabs slave carrying dhows.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1845, Hamerton treaty was signed between Colonel Hamerton and sultan Seyyid Said. It forbade the shipping of slaves outside the sultan's East Africa territories i.e. beyond to the North.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1871, the British set up the parliamentary commission of inquiry to investigate and report on slave trade in East Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1872, sir. Bartle Frere persuaded sultan Barghash to stop slave trade but not much was achieved.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">On 5th march 1873, the sultan passed a decree prohibiting the export of slaves from mainland and closed of slave market at Zanzibar. Zanzibar slave market was to be closed within 24 hours</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1876, sultan decreed that no slaves were to be transported overland.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1897, decree left slaves to claim their freedom themselves</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1907, slavery was abolished entirely in Zanzibar and Pemba.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1927, slavery ended in Tanganyika w hen British took over from Germany after the Second World War.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Effects of the abolition of slave trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Loss of independence, the suppression of slave trade led to loss of independence that is to say, legitimate trade which provided equally profitable business to both European and African traders. Many ship owners diverted their ships from transporting slaves to transporting raw cotton and raw sugar from Brazil and America.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It accelerated the coming of European missionaries to East Africa who emphasised peace and obedience thus the future European colonisation of East Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Disintegration of the Sultan Empire: This is because it loosened the economic and political control which the sultan had over the east African nations. His empire in East Africa therefore began to crumble. This gave opportunity to other ambitious leaders like Tippu-Tip to create independent state in Manyema, where he began selling his ivory and slaves to the Belgians in Zaire.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Closing of slave trade markets, for example Zanzibar in 1873 following the Frere treaty signed between sultan Barghash and Bantle Frere.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Islam became unpopular as many converted to Christianity</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">African societies regained their respect and strength as they were no longer sold off as commodities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Generally, abolition of slave trade was a catalyst to the partition of East Africa whereby Britain took over Kenya, Zanzibar and Uganda while Germany took over Tanganyika.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">British Occupation of South Africa via the Cape</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">British at the Cape </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Britain took control of the cape during the era of mercantilism in Europe. At the end of 18th century the British became interested in seizing the cape colony from the Dutch. During 1793 France invaded the Netherlands. King William V. sought refuge in Britain and also asked for protection for Dutch colonies and trading interests. During this time, the British already controlled India and the trade between India and Europe. In 1795 the British occupied the cape twice for a short period of time. From 1806 onwards especially when the Napoleonic wars ended in 1815 the Britain made a formal purchase of the Cape from the Netherlands for six million pounds sterling. Therefore British started to settle at the Cape in 1806.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Motives for the British Interests at the Cape</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">To increase colonies: The British wanted to increase and expand her spheres of influence following this she decided to occupy the Cape.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Industrial revolution in Europe, following this British wanted to increase sources of raw materials, labour, and markets for her industries since the Cape were very productive.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Trade interests, Britain did not want another European power to control the Cape because that would interfere the smooth flow of trade between Britain and India.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The South African Cape was strategically located. It was an appropriate place for British ships to stop during their voyages to or from India. They could get fresh supplies adwater for the reminder of their journey.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Tactics used by British to occupy the Cape</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of land legislation system: They aimed at discouraging pastoralism among Boers and to encourage sedentary farming since the policy limited the size of an individual's land. The Dutch thought that the British introduced the land law to take land from the Boers and redistribute it to the landless Khoikhoi so they opposed the land law.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Abolition of slave trade and slavery in 1807: The British government abolished slave trade in all their colonies and offered compensation for slaves but the money was only paid inLondon as a result the majority did not get their compensation. However, freeing slavesendangered the economic survival of the Boers as they depended much on slave labour.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Imposition of the English language as the as the language of administering the law and justice and the medium of instruction in schools in 1822. Hence English language replaced the Dutch as he official language.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Abolition of internal trade restriction imposed by the Dutch company officials on the farmers and other settlers at the cape. This created more trade opportunities as they could now trade freely without strictly control from the administration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of the pass in 1809 to reduce the exploitation of African labour as the system required African workers to carry passbooks which indicated their residence and employment, and those who did not carry them were regarded as criminals. The pass prevented the Africans from moving from district to district or moving into areas occupied by Europeans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of contract system, through this the Boers were to sign contracts with their workers. In those contracts they were to mention the wages and other fringe benefits that they gave to their workers. Therefore the Boers regarded the contract system as British interference in the traditional Boer-Africans relationship of master-servant.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of the Black circuit court system in 1811 in order to reduce acts of violence committed by European employers against African employees. The law angered the Boers who considered themselves a superior race and thus natural masters of the Africans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction of English law as the basis of the legal system in South Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Provision of financial aid to the British settlers by the British government, this encouraged more of its citizens to immigrate to the Cape as a result in 1820 some 300 British settlers arrived in South Africa increasing the total white population by almost 12% within weeks.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Boer trek/movement</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The great trek( Afrikaans: Die Groot Trek) was an east ward and north ward migration away from British control in the cape colony during the 1830's and 1840's by Boers (Dutch/Afrikaans “farmer”).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The migrant were descended from settlers from western mainland Europe, most notably from the Netherlands, northwest Germany and French Huguenots. The great trek itself led to the founding of numerous Boer republics, the Natalia republic, the Orange Free State republic and the Transvaal being the most notable.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">From the beginning of the 18th century the cape settlers expanded their territory towards the north and the east. These settling movements were led by the Trek Boers, white farmers who penetrated the hinterland looking for grazing land for their cattle.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Trek Boers preferred the free and unrestricted life on their ox wagons and in tents to the more protected existence within the realms of town administration. The price they had to pay for their lifestyle was constant armed conflicts with native people. First the Khoikhoi successfully resisted the conquest of their residential and grazing land.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">And from the turn of the century it was the people of the Xhosa living to the east, who stood up against the Trek Boers. Frequent skirmishes occurred, particularly in the Zuurveld in the east of the colony, to the boundary of the great fish river. In 1779, the first of the ferocious Xhosa wars broke out.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the town communities the danger of a confrontation was also growing. Here the opposing parties were on one hand the citizens, aspiring to political autonomy, and on the other hand a weak, corrupt and almost bankrupt colonial administration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The town's people demanded their independence from the colonial administration. In Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet, the first republics were proclaimed, although they only existed for a short time. The power struggle between citizens and administration ended with the landing of British ships at the cape and the annexing of the colony to the United Kingdom in 1795.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Reasons for the Boer Trek</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">British occupation of the cape allowed Boers to penetrate further into the interior.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Boers dislike laws imposed by British in the Cape Province which gave greater equality to non-Whites races.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Abolition of slavery, the British administration at the cape forced Boers to free their African slaves.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Boers dislike the system of land holding which was introduced by British i.e. Boers were to pay higher rent.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Misunderstanding between Boers stock farmers and British administration</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Boers dislike the British government decision of using the English language as the language of the government and in courts.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Boers wanted to be outside of the British government authority.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Effects of the Boer Trek</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Creating of two Boer republics, that is the Orange Free State and South African republic.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Boers defeated black tribes on the way and took over their land and properties.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Establishment of apartheid policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Development of hostility between the Boers and British colonisers.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Africans were made property less labourers and squatters on Boers stock farms.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">African land was alienated i.e. taken by foreigners</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Intermarriage thus creation of Afrikaners.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-6075430577770363772017-11-16T00:57:00.002-08:002017-11-16T00:57:35.150-08:00FORM TWO TOPIC THREE AFRICA AND EXTERNAL WORLD<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Africa contact with Middle East and Far East dated back early in 200BC. The early contacts were initially at the coast but later some of the foreigners moved further into interior of the East Africa. Those early foreigners visited Africa were people from Asia including; Lebanese, Syrians, Indonesians, Persians, Arabs and China. Later people from Europe began to visit Africa, these included; Portuguese, British, Dutch and French. The trade contact between the pre-colonial African societies, Middle East and Far East began around 8th century AD. These early contacts were determined by nature of African and Asian societies.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zFWRctxzhBNdoj8cRXIthBCgW-S_296peAF50-srB6EpQTVETmVilX2E_9TQ87kuvRz7wwCwetyyuaDpD1vMO2rkeUUhP-e1b1paCB8bfnltcQgWvZ1OmARvw_hM4qSd4OeXpInfdG0/s1600/books.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="678" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-zFWRctxzhBNdoj8cRXIthBCgW-S_296peAF50-srB6EpQTVETmVilX2E_9TQ87kuvRz7wwCwetyyuaDpD1vMO2rkeUUhP-e1b1paCB8bfnltcQgWvZ1OmARvw_hM4qSd4OeXpInfdG0/s200/books.png" width="157" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOTIVES/AIMS OF THE CONTACTS BETWEEN AFRICA, MIDDLE AND FAR EAST.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Trade activities. Traders wanted to trade and control commercial activities along the African coast as Africa coastal environment attracted and favored trade activities of India Ocean in 7th and 8thcenturies, there were regular trading between Africa, China, Indonesia, Persia, and Arabs states.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The South west monsoon winds would blow the ships to the African coast between November and April; whereas the north East monsoon winds between May and October would take them back to their countries</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
GOODS EXCHANGED BETWEEN AFRICA, MIDDLE AND FAR EAST.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Origin of visitors Goods brought to Africa Goods taken from Africa</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Arabia Beakers, iron, pains, swords, daggers, beads, ornaments and rice</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ivory</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Gold</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Slaves</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tortoise shells</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Rhinoceros horns</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Animal skins</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Copper</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Iron</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ostrich feather. etc.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
China Porcelain, bowls, Plates and Shuck clothes.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Persia Ports, glass bowls, beakers, swords and ornaments</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
India Cotton cloth, metal, ornaments, beads and spears. Spice island spices</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Syrian Iron pans, bowls swords and beakers</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Exploration of African coast.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The visitors from Middle East and Far East were interested to know the accessibility of the coast and the availability of market in the coastal areas. They were also interested to assess the volume of commodities which were in great demands such as gold, slave and animal skins.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The exploration done in Africa was recorded in the early records about the coast; it was recorded by one of the Greek sailor book called Periplus of Eritrean Sea and Ptolemy’s Geography.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. The need to search new trading settlements.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Early visitors come to Africa with the aim of establishing trading settlements along the East African Coast and the horn of Africa. During the 10 th and 11 th centuries several Muslims merchants of Arabs in Origin; began to penetrate the Awash valley towards the high land of Ethiopia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. The need to spread Islamic religion</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Some visitors come to spread Islamic religion. The Islamic religion started to spread in western Asia from 7 th century mainly through holy wars known as JIHADS which aimed at spreading the Islamic religion. Therefore Muslims Arabs from middle and Far East visited African coast with the aim of spreading Islamic religion to the African people</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
EFFECTS OF EARLY TRADING CONTACT</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A. ECONOMIC EFFECTS</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Emergence of rich class.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since African people engaged in trade activities and acquired enough profit; a class of rich merchants emerged among them. In East Africa the class of rich people included chief Kivoi of Kamba and Nganyo of Giriama in Kenya, Mirambo and Nyungu ya mawe of Nyamwezi in Tanzania.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Exposed Africa towards economies.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Africa was integrated in the world economy through supplying commodities which were in great demands by the outside world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Exploitation of Africa resources.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The contact involved the exploitation of human resources by taking Africans away as slaves and some commodities such as Ivory, Gold and animals skins were taken away.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Decline of local industries.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The consumers' behaviour changed from buying local mode commodities to buy foreign commodities such as cotton clothes and food utensils.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Loss of manpower.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Example; slave trade in Africa decreased the manpower because traders captured the able bodied people who were essential for production; the aged, weak and children were left behind while they could not manage to produce at large quantity.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Introduction of new crops.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
These crops were very useful to African because they provided food stuffs as well as cash crops such as coconut, palms, rice, millet, wheat, cloves, sugarcane etc.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
7. Introduction of money economy.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In East Africa coastal cities coins were minted and used as the medium of exchange therefore the use of currency replaced barter trade system.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
8. Introduction of new arts and crafts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By 15th century various items were produced in Africa and village communities were transforming from simple to complex societies. Many towns developed due to arts and crafts; the art of writing navigation and money handling was also introduced.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
B. SOCIAL EFFECTS</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Emergence of Swahili language and culture.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Rise and growth of Islamic culture.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Spread of Islamic religion (Qur’an and Islamic laws).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Growth of towns and cities such as Mombasa, Kilwa, Pemba, Sofala and Mogadishu.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Emergence of mullatos due to intermarriage.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Rise of warfare and depopulation due to capturing of slaves. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
THE CONTACT BETWEEN AFRICA AND EUROPE</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Portuguese invasion.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Trading between Africa and Asia was disturbed by Portuguese invasion along the East Africa coast in the 16th C.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Portuguese attempted to capture and control Indian Ocean trade, this lead to war between the Portuguese on one hand and the indigenous of East African coast. During this contact the most important countries in western were Spain and Portugal. These countries were included in trade through trading routes to India which passed off through Italy and the Muslims lands of the Middle East. The occurrence of wars in Muslims empire made the trade difficult and more expensive.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Portuguese by finding routes of the sea wanted to establish trading empire in the East by controlling all trades in Europe. This was made possible by the invention of ships.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Prince Henry the navigator son of King John of Portuguese supported the voyages. They searched routes as resulted into voyages by Bartholomew Diaz in 1487 and Vasco da Gama in 1498.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Vasco da Gama was the first Portuguese to reach East Africa.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In summary;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Vasco da Gama reached Africa in 1498 (A.D).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bartholomew Diaz reached Africa in 1487.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ECONOMIC MOTIVES/AIMS OF THE CONTACT BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE PORTUGUESE.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. The need to defeat the Asian trades and rules in their monopoly of the India trade; as usually European countries admired the commodities founded in Africa, so in order to get them they had to contact with African people.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The commodities needed by them were Ivory, tortoise’s shells, cotton, gold and palms.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Controlling and Exploitation of Gold.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. Need of creating Portuguese Empire in Africa so as to make Africa to be a producer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. To exploit different resources of Africa. Example gold, diamond.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. They wanted to exploit African resources by selling small things to Africans for high price more than they had sold it to them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
SOCIAL MOTIVES/AIMS</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. To spread Christianity.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. To exploit Africa especially East African coastal cities and states e.g. Kilwa, Mombasa, Bagamoyo and Mogadishu.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
3. They desired to establish anti-Muslims alliances.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. They search for Pastor John in Ethiopia.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
THE PORTUGUESE EXPLOITATION RESULTED INTO DISCOVERIES OF POTENTIAL AREAS.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Portuguese established trade with societies found in the coastal areas. They also created central point where ships could stop on the way to India. After establishing trade the Portuguese obtained items such as ivory, gold, copper and silver; they exchange them with cloth, guns, gunpowder etc.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By 15th C Portuguese succeeded to establish their rule in East Africa. After that the Portuguese built the Fort Jesus in Mombasa which could strengthen their military power thus establishing the effective control over the East Africa coastal areas.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1592 was the built of Fort Jesus.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1698 was the broke down of Fort Jesus.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1499 was the year when Vasco da Gama returned back to Portugal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
RESISTANCES AGAINST PORTUGUESE.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There were source of resistance;</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1) The displaced people joined the resistance, for example Zimba of Zambezi valley and Segeju of Somalia in the Northern Eastern Africa. The constant attack and resistance against Portuguese rule lead to its decline and capture of Fort Jesus of Mombasa in 1698.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2) The reaction from the feudal lords and traders who counted to protect their social and economic interests.</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PORTUGUESE.</div>
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a) Introduction of crops especially cash crops in Africa e.g. Sugarcane, yellow maize, cassava, rice, pineapples, potatoes etc.</div>
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b) Decline of trade; the trade between East Africa, Far East and Middle East was interrupted by the Portuguese.</div>
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c) Change of major trade routes.</div>
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d) Exposed Africa to the external world.</div>
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e) They built several forts, example; Fort Jesus.</div>
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f) They acted as the introducers of new arts to the indigenous of Africa continent.</div>
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The forts built by Portuguese were like;</div>
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Fort Jesus in 1592 in Mombasa.</div>
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Fort at Kilwa.</div>
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Sofala and eliminated caste present day Ghana built in 1482.</div>
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<br /></div>
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SOCIAL IMPACTS OF PORTUGUESE</div>
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1. Decline of cities and states.</div>
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2) Growth of Swahili language.</div>
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3) Insecurity and loss of manpower.</div>
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Also Swahili adapted some new Portuguese words i.e. Mvinyo from word Vincho, Meza Etc.</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE REASONS FOR THE COLLAPSE OF PORTUGUESE</div>
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1) They suffered from tropical disease like malaria.</div>
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2) The climate conditions of East African coast were in healthy for the Portuguese.</div>
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3) Social, culture and religion differences i.e. Muslim against Christians.</div>
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4) Loss of trade due to Portuguese taxes and restrictions.</div>
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5) Harsh treatments and punishment practiced by Portuguese in their leadership.</div>
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6) Role played by Oman to the coastal city people. Hence that capture of fort Jesus marked the end of Portuguese in East Africa around 1700.</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE</div>
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The Dutch or Boers came from Holland (Nether land) and firstly settled at the cape in Table Bay in April 1652 under the leadership of Jan Van Riebeek.</div>
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Dutch farmers called themselves - “BOERS”</div>
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When they settled at the cape they called themselves by the name of Afrikaners that meant the “whites of Africa” who developed language known as Afrikaans.</div>
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Dutch had a company known as United Dutch East India company (UDEIC).</div>
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The company had trade with India and other Arabs in Asia</div>
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At the cape they grew vegetables, fruits and kept animals such as cattle.</div>
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They had barter trade with Khoikhoi exchanging tobacco and alcohol for the cattle.</div>
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Reasons for Dutch settlement at the cape</div>
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1. The cape was a good place where ships could stop to be refueled.</div>
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2. The cape had a good climate to support settlement of the whites. (Temperate and cool climate).</div>
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3. The Dutch wanted to produce vegetable and fruits for the ships which sailed to India.</div>
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4. The cape could provide fresh water for the sailors.</div>
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5. The cape could be a base of projecting their ships on Atlantic and Indian Ocean.</div>
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6. A center for caring sick people.</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE EFFECTS/IMPACTS OF THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE</div>
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1. They took land from Khoikhoi and Xhosa.</div>
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2. They turned the Khoikhoi into slaves to work for them in farms.</div>
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3. Dutch raided cattle from the Khoikhoi.</div>
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4. Dutch settlement led to the introduction of apartheid e.g. Khoikhoi could not get quality education, health services and shelters like the Dutch.</div>
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5. Unequal exchange led to exploitation of South African resources.</div>
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6. Intermarriage which led to Mullato population.</div>
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7. Political structure of the Khoikhoi was destroyed.</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE MAP SHOW EXPANSION OF DUTCH SETTLEMENT AT THE CAPE</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE BRITISH</div>
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The British first occupation of South Africa was in 1795 when they attacked and defeated the Boers at the Cape.</div>
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There was a peace treaty between the Dutch and the British in 1802 and the Cape was given back to the Dutch in 1803. But in 1806 the British decided to re-occupy the Cape by defeating the Dutch.</div>
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The areas which made the British settle at the Cape were;</div>
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1. They wanted to protect their ships on the sea route to India.</div>
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2. It was based on protectionism which the British could protect themselves against ships of enemies.</div>
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3. Area to get raw materials, market and area for investment.</div>
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4. They wanted to control the trade route on sea water (India & Asia)</div>
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5. Cape could easy link the British and Western Europe across the Atlantic Ocean.</div>
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Effects of the British administration at the cape.</div>
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1. They abolished slavery introduced by Boers.</div>
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2. They imposed English language as the official medium of communication.</div>
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3. Khoikhoi continued to lose their land as the British took it for their settlements.</div>
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4. There was important of manufactured goods from Europe.</div>
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5. They imposed news way of life.</div>
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6. Introduction of circuit courts in order to settle disputes between Dutch and the Khoikhoi.</div>
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African resistance against the settlement and expansion of the Boers and the British on South Africa.</div>
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The African resistance against the whites began during the 17 th Century up to the 20 th century.</div>
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Examples of resistances were: -</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE KAFFIR WARS OR WARS OF DISPOSSESSION.</div>
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1. These were series of wars carried out by the Xhosa from 1779 Vs Boers – at the great fish river.</div>
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The first three wars were in 1779, 1789 and 1803.</div>
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The fourth (known as Ndhalambi) happened in 1812</div>
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The fifth (known as Makanda) in 1819.</div>
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The sixth in 1834.</div>
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The seventh in 1846></div>
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The 8 th (Malenjin – 1850 –1853)</div>
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The last resistance by the Xhosa (Mlakaza was an advisor to one of the Xhosa).</div>
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1. The Battle of Vegkop of 19 th October 1836.</div>
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Ndebele under Mzilikazi fought Vs the Boers in the Orange Free states.</div>
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1. The Battle of the Blood River on 1th February, 1837.</div>
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ZULU UNDER Dingane fought against Boer settlement in natal.</div>
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<br /></div>
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1. Anglo Zulu war.</div>
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Zulu under Cetshowayo fought strongly and defeated the British at the Battle of Island lwana.</div>
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But later the British suppressed the Zulu during the battle of Ulundi 4 th July, 1879.</div>
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<br /></div>
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EAST AFRICA UNDER OMAN’S RULE 1840.</div>
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The Oman Arabs helped East Africans to defeat Portuguese along the coastal in 1698. Oman now became rulers. Therefore people of East Africa were not free apart from defeating the Portuguese.</div>
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In 1741 Mombasa established her independence chief domain under Mazmi family; this was an order from Arabs family of Oman in origin the Mazmi family was conquered by Sultan Seyyid Said of Oman. From 1840 onwards; Sultan Seyyid Said becomes the master of the East African coast.</div>
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<br /></div>
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MOTIVES/AIMS OF OMAN ARABS IN EAST AFRICA.</div>
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1) To have clear control/monopoly of trade existed at the coast especially Indian ocean trade.</div>
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2) They wanted to control all the city states along the coast.</div>
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3) To stop the spread of Christianity led by Portuguese and maintaining Islamic culture.</div>
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<br /></div>
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WHY SULTAN SEYYID SAID SHIFTED HIS CAPITAL FROM MUSCAT OMAN TO ZANZIBAR</div>
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The following were the factors for sultan Seyyid Said to shift his capital from Muscat Oman to Zanzibar in 1840.</div>
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1) Good climatic condition supported the settlement of Arabs.</div>
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2) Fertile soil for agricultural purpose especially clove and coconut products.</div>
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3) Deep natural harbour in Zanzibar for importation and exportation of goods.</div>
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4) Trade activities examples controlling the Indian Ocean trade.</div>
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5) Abundant fresh water for irrigation and soiling.</div>
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6) To avoid conflict in his home after killing his brother Iman said.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
IMPACTS OF OMAN ARABS (SULTAN) DOMINATION IN EAST AFRICA.</div>
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A: ECONOMIC IMPACTS.</div>
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1. Increase of slave trade.</div>
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2. Land alienation.</div>
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3. East African people were exposed to international trade.</div>
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4. The expansion of trade.</div>
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5. Introduction of new cash crops example; coconut and cloves.</div>
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6. Establishment of feudalism where African become serfs and tenants</div>
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7. Exploitation of African resources.</div>
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B: SOCIAL IMPACTS.</div>
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1. Death due to resistance against the Arabs</div>
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2. Spread of Swahili language.</div>
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3. Addition of Arabic words into Swahili language.</div>
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4. Spread of Islamic religion.</div>
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5. Much suffering of people due to slavery activities.</div>
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<br /></div>
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THE HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA</div>
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Early inhabits of South Africa;</div>
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The Bushmen and Hottentots were the earliest inhabitants of South Africa.</div>
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The few scattered KhoiKhoi pastoralist and the San hunters were referred as Hottentots.</div>
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They formed Khoisan as they both spoke languages which contain clicking sounds.</div>
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Bushmen are short and have yellow or brown skin colour.</div>
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Bushmen are probably the descendants of the Stone Age men.</div>
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The Hottentots were similar to the Bushmen but taller and more advanced.</div>
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Production unit of Bushmen was based on hunting animals. The San depended on the KhoiKhoi for the cereal they exchange for meat.</div>
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-The Negroid Bantu began to arrive in South Africa from the 9 th century A.D. they were taller, strong and dark than Bushmen Hottentots.</div>
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-Bantu exercised arable farming, had iron working skills and cattle domestication.</div>
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-The Ngoni occupied Eastern Coastal region from Zulu and to the cape colony.</div>
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Bantu groups included the Zulu, Ndebele, Swazi, Ngoni, Tambu and Xhosa communities. They cultivated variety of crops such as sugarcane, melons, maize and beans. The level of production they had reached enabled them to accumulate surplus and trade began to be conducted among them.</div>
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<br /></div>
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SLAVE TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD</div>
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Slave:</div>
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Is the person who is illegally owned and controlled by another person and is forced to work for them.</div>
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Slavery:</div>
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Is the act of owning and using slaves.</div>
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Slave trade: -</div>
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Is the activity of buying and selling human beings like other commodities.</div>
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The main results of African contact with external world through trade was the;</div>
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Rise of slave trade</div>
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Colonialism</div>
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Slave trade in East Africa began after the arrival of Portuguese in 15 th Century up to 1873 during the Sayyid Barghash treaty or free treaty.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
REASONS FOR THE EXPANSION OF THE INDIAN OCEAN SLAVE TRADE</div>
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1. The Oman Arabs who were ruling the East African coast at the time introduced clove plantations in Zanzibar and Pemba. These plantations required large numbers of labors to tend to them.</div>
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2. There was also a high demand for slave labor for the French sugar plantations in Mauritius and Reunion Island. Initially, the French mostly depended on the area around present-day Mozambique for slaves, but by the 1770s the demand exceeded supply. Hence, the French came further north, to East Africa, in search of slaves.</div>
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3. Slaves were needed as porters. They ferried goods such as ivory and gold from interior of Africa to the Coast. This was important for the ivory trade, especially to the American, Indian and British traders who took part in it.</div>
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4. Portuguese slave traders supplied slaves to the Portuguese coffee and sugar plantations in Brazil. In the first half of the 18th century, the Portuguese expanded their plantations. As a result, their sources of slaves in West Africa and Mozambique became inadequate, so they came to East Africa.</div>
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5. Slaves were in great demand as domestic workers and soldiers in the Muslims nation Arabia. The Quran forbids Muslims from enslaving other Muslims. Thus, the slaves had to come from non-Muslim regions such as the interior of East Africa. There were major slave markets in Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, Pemba, Kilwa, Mikindani and Mombasa.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
EAST AFRICA SLAVE TRADE ROUTE</div>
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SLAVE TRADE.</div>
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There were the characteristics which prevailed during slave trade.</div>
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1. There were several human torture and transits.</div>
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2. Humiliation and dehumanization of the slaves.</div>
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3. Slave were chained and forced to carry heavy loads like salt, ivory and copper.</div>
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4. They were brutally whipped by their organizers.</div>
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5. They were blended like animals. Those who were unfit were killed or left to die on the way.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
HOW SLAVE TRADE EMERGED</div>
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The trade emerged up to its maximum stage after growth or demand of labors in big plantations opened by the capitalist. In the 2 nd half of 18 th century slave trade was boosted by the French demand of labors in the Mauritius and Re-union Islands; these were their colonials in which sugar plantations were established.</div>
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There were three stages in the development of slave trade in Indian ocean sea board.</div>
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1. The first stage was dominated by the Portuguese who were shipping slave from Mozambique to Brazil in 18 th century.</div>
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2. The second was dominated by the Dutch from Holland and French who had opened the coffee and sugar plantations in Mauritius and Re-union especially in 1770.</div>
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3. The third was due to the introduction of cloves plantations in Zanzibar in the early of 19 th century.</div>
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The great demand for cloves in the world market led to the expansion of cloves plantations which also increased the need for slaves.</div>
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Slaves were needed for domestic and agricultural works in the Arabs countries in Asia. Due to above reasons the slave traders opened up slave trading centers (stations) such as Tabora, Ujiji, Kotak.......</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The expansion of slave trade led to the opening up of market for slave activities. These markets in East Africa included Zanzibar which was the biggest market; others were Kilwa, Bagamoyo, Mombasa and Pemba.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
HOW SLAVE TRADE WERE ORGANIZED IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD.</div>
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The organization of slave trade in East Africa in 19 th century depended much on the factors which were:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Question of capital to buy Ivory and slaves. At the beginning the Indian merchants called “Banyans” based in Zanzibar supplied capital example cloth was used to buy Ivory and slaves.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Organization of caravans. The famous traders who organized caravans were Tippu tippu between the East coast and present day Congo Kinshasa, Mlozi in Belgian, Rumaliza in Ujiji Kigoma and Msiri in urea country present day Zambia.</div>
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The involvement of local rulers in the slave and ivory trade. Nyungu ya mawe, Isike and Mirambo among the Nyamwezi, Kabaka of Uganda, Mkwawa of wahehe, Machemba of Yao.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
COMMODITIES EXCHANGED</div>
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From interior to the coast –Ivory and slaves, animal skins, minerals.</div>
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From the coast to the interior caravans brought clothes, salts wine, glass ware beads and ornaments.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
HOW SLAVES WERE OBTAINED (TECHNIQUES USED TO OBTAIN SLAVES)</div>
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Slaves were obtained through various ways:</div>
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1. Through raiding village and capturing people.</div>
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2. Through selling prisoners of war obtained from local civil wars.</div>
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3. Through selling criminals.</div>
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4. Through selling of domestic slaves.</div>
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5. Through ways of laying and ambush.</div>
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6. Through use of trickery and false pretense.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
IMPACTS OF SLAVE TRADE IN INDIAN OCEAN SEA BOARD.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
SOCIAL EFFECTS</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Depopulation; many people were taken to work as slaves and others died on the way.</div>
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2. Insecurity and fear among the people.</div>
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3. Development of inter-states war.</div>
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4. Human torture and suffering</div>
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5. Hunger due to lack of good in areas were slave trade operated.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ECONOMIC EFFECTS</div>
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1. Killing of economic activities. Agriculture, pastoralism and industries were killed due to lack of manpower.</div>
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2. Technology stagnation; no innovation was made as all able bodied people were taken as slaves only children and old ones were left behind.</div>
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3. Underdevelopment of East Africa; slave trade increased dependence on European capitalist countries. generally slave trade had negative effects in East Africa and it created many problems.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
THE CARAVAN/ROUTES. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There were three main caravan routes during East Africa slave trade.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
THE TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE</div>
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The triangular trade (TATT) intercontinental trade; was the trading activities which was conducted by the Europeans in relation with the Africans and the Americans across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16 th to 18 th century.</div>
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The Trans – Atlantic triangular trade originated from the discovery made by Christopher Columbus who was born in 1451 Genoa, after the discovery of new world (American) in 1492.</div>
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The Portuguese were the first foreigners to capture slaves at the coast of West Africa. In 1441, Alitam Goncalvez a Portuguese captured a man and a woman and sent them as gifts to the King of Portugal (Prince Henry the Navigator before his death in 1440.)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
COMMODITIES OF EXCHANGE</div>
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The major commodities of exchange in the triangular trade were;</div>
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AFRICA – Exported slaves, gold, ivories and animal skins.</div>
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AMERICA- exported sugar, cotton, Tobacco, Gold and Silver.</div>
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EUROPE – Supplied manufactured goods such as clothes, gun powder, glass were, sugar and tobacco.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. The discovery of new world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus in 1492 Britain colonized modern days united state of America (USA), the French occupied Canada, Portugal colonized Brazil and Spain colonized Latin America.</div>
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The Europeans found the natives (Red Indians) unfit for labor in the mines and plantations because they were weak and affected by small pocks and lived nomadic life.</div>
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2. Advancement in marine technology between 15 th and 17 th century. Europeans nations developed marine technology as they had ships which could carry bullay cargo for a long distance.</div>
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3. Trade in gold from West Africa slave labour was used to the East then it was sent overseas.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Settlement of Portuguese in Saotome and principal islands where they opened sugar plantations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
RESULTS OF TRANS – ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ECONOMIC RESULTS.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Decline of production; this led people not to engaged in production especially in agriculture and mining activities due to slave trade.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. Decrease of manpower; most of energetic people were captured and taken as slaves.</div>
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3. Technological stagnation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
4. Introduction of new crops example bananas, beans, cassava, and maize.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
5. Development of forts example Lagos, port novo and Dakar</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
6. Emergency of local wealth classes; African local rulers participated in slave trade they become rich example Asantehene of Asante.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
7. Integration of Africa into the world capitalist economy hence led to colonization of African continent.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
8. Introduction of legitimate trade after abolition of slave trade; this was trade in natural products example rubber, cotton, palm oil and grand nuts.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
SOCIAL EFFECTS</div>
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1. Fear and insecurity.</div>
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2. Emergence of mullatos in West Africa.</div>
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3. Retardation of African culture.</div>
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4. Families were broken off.</div>
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5. They established artificial boundaries and treaties.</div>
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6. They opened up the interior of African where they search was around.</div>
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7. They facilitate destruction of African culture</div>
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ECONOMIC EFFECTS</div>
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1. Trade network between the traders of the east coast and the interior communities such as the Yao and Nyamwezi were disrupted by the Ngoni raids. Commodities could therefore not reach the communities that needed them. </div>
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2. The Ngoni warriors destroyed both human life and livestock. Thus, they made some communities such as Ndebele economically disadvantaged. </div>
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3. Due to insecurity, agricultural activities were disrupted. This caused food shortages.</div>
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4. A lot of valuable time was wasted as young people prepared for war. There was therefore shortage of labor for economic activities such as agriculture, hunting and fishing. </div>
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5. New technological skills were introduced, especially in iron working as the long spears were replaced by short stabbing spears.</div>
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THE RISE OF MFECANE IN SOUTH AFRICA</div>
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Mfecane were wondering wars among the clans of the Ngoni speakers in Natal between the coast of Indian Ocean and the Drankers Burg Mountains of South Africa.</div>
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Sometimes Mfecane is referred as Difeqane or Mfetsane.</div>
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The famous Ngoni clan groups were;</div>
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1. Zulu clan under Senzangakara.</div>
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2. Mthethwa under Dingiswayo.</div>
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3. Ngwane under Sobhuza.</div>
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4. Ndwandwe under Zwide.</div>
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THE REASONS OF MFECANE WARS</div>
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1. Need for land - Zulu needed more land for farming and grazing. 2. Rise of Zulu – Shaka fights the other clans in order to expand his kingdom. 3. Population growth in Natal causes conflict. 4. Clans denied expanding boundaries in order to make a large territory. 5. Expansion of Boers from cape to Natal.</div>
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THE EFFECTS OF MFECANE</div>
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1. Depopulation in Natal because of death.</div>
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2. Empire building e.g. Ndebele Empire under Msilikazi in Zimbabwe, and Ngoni under Zwangedaba. </div>
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3. Mfecane caused insecurity because of fighting.</div>
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4. Mfecane helped the Boer to settle in large areas. </div>
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5. Caused destruction of properties, crops and buildings. </div>
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6. The rise of defensive kingdoms e.g. Basulo, Swazi and Bapendi.</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-11171064126883756842017-11-16T00:42:00.000-08:002017-11-16T00:42:40.061-08:00HISTORY FORM TWO; SOCIAL-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjutg_Dg_5jvAS_ihlCZEXTTHdRY18gejNKpOOmUrWW2SYqGU-Zl1EalwMIqnHbkuw2EDL5PiuxVDvIIkd0lavx6LujPg4ETpi-Hjthq5FPWZ_7iu3BJMQaIH_V0Iz13NVL291uhBHTUEc/s1600/picha+of-Books.jpg"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjutg_Dg_5jvAS_ihlCZEXTTHdRY18gejNKpOOmUrWW2SYqGU-Zl1EalwMIqnHbkuw2EDL5PiuxVDvIIkd0lavx6LujPg4ETpi-Hjthq5FPWZ_7iu3BJMQaIH_V0Iz13NVL291uhBHTUEc/s320/picha+of-Books.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Social organization: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Refers to the mode of production existing in a particular place at particular time. Modes of production involve productive forces that are human labour, instrument of labour, economic activities and objects of labour and production.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Modes of production:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Is the relationship between production and productive forces include the following; human labour, surplus production, instrument of labour, objective of labour and population.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Human labor: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Is the consciousness and purposeful activity of people to produce material wealth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Production: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Is a major in the series of economic processes that brings goods and services to people. It includes creation, distribution and consumption.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Means of labour:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Are the things used in production such as hoes, machines, roads, buildings etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Objective of labour: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Are things upon which man’s labour is applied (mostly land).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Productive forces: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These are means of production created by a society especially objects and instrument of labour.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Relation of production:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Are simple and direct relations which people enter to one another in actual production process either exploitive or exploited class.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Class struggle: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Are conflicts that developed between exploitative mode and non –exploitative modes example capitalism and socialism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANISATION PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A: COMMUNAL ISM MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This was the first mode of production to exist in pre colonial African societies and is divided into two namely:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Primitive communalism The first mode of production through which all societies passed was primitive communal ism. It is called "primitive‟ because of the low level of productive forces and "communalism‟ because there was no exploitation of man by man. This mode of production existed for much longer period than any other mode as it ranged from the emergence of man more than one million years ago.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Advanced communalism During that era man advanced in his tools through various discoveries like iron tools. It is because of this technological advancement that is why it came to be known as advancement communalism The nonproductive members of the society such as the elders, disabled and children were exempted from work due to their disabilities. The invention of agricultural tools encouraged man to cultivate bigger plots of land. Rapid increases in population also encouraged people to increase their farms so as to get more food which could feed the growing population.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Some of African societies in the present days are still practicing communal mode of production. These include;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tindiga and Hadzabe of Singida and Lake Manyara and Central Tanzania.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Dorobo (Okiek) of Maumau forest and Tesoin Uganda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Mbali found in the equatorial rain forest of the Congo DRC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The bushman (san) of South Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The KhoiKhoi of Kalahari desert of Botswana</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tur of Ghana.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNAL ISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Absence of exploitation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was no exploitation among the people in a community. All the able bodied members of the society worked hard and shared what they produced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Low level of production.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The level of productive forces were low hence none or very little surplus was produced. The implements used in food procurement were crude and simple.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Dependence on nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In communalism life was entirely dependent on nature therefore the environment dictated how man lived.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Communal ownership.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The communal ownership of properties was a major characteristic of communalism. The major means of production like land, tools and minerals were owned by the community.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Hunting and gathering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This was the main occupation in these communities; people were grouped together in collective groups known as hunting bands to facilitate this means of production. This later led to the development of stock raising and agriculture then it brought the division of labor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Subsistence economy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Due to low level of development of science and technology people produced enough food for their consumption.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Lack of specialization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Because of limitation of their science and technology (knowledge) these people learnt to perform all types of jobs. They worked together in marking roots, hunting and looking for food later on very simples division of labor based on gender occurred.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. People in communal society treated each other equally. There was no standing armies and ruling classes; even elders were not lords or rulers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">9. Learning by doing: people in communal societies shared knowledge. This was acquired through learning by doing, youth and children obtained knowledge and skills from their elders.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FACTORS FOR TRANSITION FROM PRIMITIVE COMMUNAL ISM TO SLAVERY AND FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Neolithic revolution: Is the term for the first agricultural change describing the transition from nomadic, hunting and gathering to permanent settlement. Neolithic revolution brought socioeconomic changes such as establishment of permanent settlement, extension of division of labor based on age and sex, emergence of specialization, surplus production and spread of diseases due to permanent settlement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Advanced in science and technology. This was the turning point that gave improvement in agricultural production. The tools produced were sharper and stronger than the older ones. The improvement of tools led to the expansion of socioeconomic activities above and beyond hunting and gathering.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. The reliable rainfall and fertile land. Allowed the expansion of agriculture especially the cultivation of permanent crops such as banana in Uganda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Population growth by either natural increase through giving birth or artificial means through immigration which was associated with transformation of the social organization and forming of strong empire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">B) SLAVERY MODE OF PRODUCTION.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Slavery refers to a situation in a society where a person is owned by another purposely as an instrument of production. Slavery mode of production was the second mode of production and the first exploitative mode of man by man. The emergence of surplus production created two different classes these were the rich and the poor. Under slavery systems slaves could not acquire wealthy and could not cultivate own land.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Slavery in Africa existed in;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Egypt where they constructed dams and pyramids.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Chagga, Haya, Ganda, Hehe. Kerewe and Sambaa in East Africa interior.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Along the coast of East Africa slaves were used in carrying loads buildings, cities, constructing dams and irrigation scheme. Slavery in Africa never existed as an institution except in Egypt Muslim communities and on the coast of East Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FEATURES OF SLAVE MODE OF PRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Existence of two classes that is the slave masters who were exploiters and the slaves who were exploited group.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Private ownership of the major means of production. The slave masters owned slaves, cattle and all implements of production.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Low productive force under the slave mode of production, the productive forces were still low though more advanced compared to those used during communalism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Existence of surplus production. There were extra products due to the use of advanced tools and improved skills of man to control his environment. The slave masters owned surplus production produced by slaves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Existence of political institutions; these began to emerge and existed in various areas example slave masters had state apparatus such as army, prisons and police which were employed in exploiting and suppressing slaves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Class struggle existed between slaves and slave masters; the slaves started to resist in form of strikes, rebellions, idling and running away.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">C. FEUDAL MODE OF PRODUCTION (FEUDALISM).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The term feudalism originated from the Germany word “feud” which means fees. In this context fees refer to payment of tax.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Feudalism; was the third mode of production and second pre-capitalist mode of production based on exploitation of man by man. The economy of feudal society was based on private ownership and renting of land and livestock by the ruling classes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CHARACTERISTICS OF FEUDALISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Agriculture became the major economic activity: Following the discovery of iron technology productive forces were improved drastically.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Payment of rent to the land lords; rent was paid in various forms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Labour rent; existed in form of labour or service in which peasants (serf) were required to work for three days in week for the land lords.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Rent in kind: The serfs regularly had to deliver the quantities of his products to the land lords. The products could be in form of grain, cattle or vegetables.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Money rent: Was the system in which money used as a major means of paying rent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Exploitation of man by man example peasants (serf) were exploited by land lords and the distribution of production was not equal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Little freedom to peasant; peasants were tired due to various restrictions as they were treated as children. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Private ownership of major means of production such as land, mining sites, houses and cattle all these belonged to feudal lords. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. Division labour This based on age and sex where men specialized in military while women specialized in farming and taking care of children. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Existence of classes; landlords as exploiters and serfs as exploited class.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Little surplus enjoyed by feudal lords.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">9. Existence of strong political institutions in form of kingdoms and empires example Bunyoro, Buganda and Karagwe. Feudalism in Africa existed in various forms. Its nature depended on place in which it was practiced for instance societies that exercised feudalism were those found in the interlacustine region of East Africa, South Africa, West Africa and the North Eastern Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">10. Improved productive forces:Especially tools applied in agriculture and military warfare, this was brought about by iron technology. Generally, African kingdoms such as Buganda and some forest states of West Africa, used means of production centered around either land or livestock-especially cattle-peasants could use the land freely but they were required to pay rent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">FEUDAL RELATIONS/FORMS OF FEUDALISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Nyarubanja system. In this form of feudalism the major means of production was land. Under Nyarubanja system in Buhaya and Karagwe there was two classes, that is the Batwazi (ruler) and Batwana (serfs). These two classes had to pay rent in kind and rent in labour services to the land lords.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In Buganda Nyarubanja system known as Mvunjo and Busulo, there were two classes that is Bataka (chiefs) and the poor people who rendered labour service and paid of their products to the land lords known as Bakopi. Under the system labour services provider was known as Akasamvu and part of their products was provided to the ruling class known as Obusulu. Bunyoro was the kingdom practiced feudalism in East Africa. The kingdom was divided into provinces known as Saza’s under chiefs. Also there was caste system in East Africa under this feudal system there was two classes which were Bahima (pastoralists) and Bairu (agriculturalists). Bahima who were pastoralists dominated and employed the Bairu who were agriculturalists. It was common in Rwanda, Burundi and Buhaya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Umwinyi system was another form of feudalism found along the coast of East Africa. Wamwinyi controlled the productive forces such as land, serfs and tenants; also monopolized the political and economic power. The serfs and tenants were given land by Wamwinyi (feudal lords) to live on them in return of labour services and tributes which were paid to Wamwinyi. Before Arabs colonization The Mwinyi mkuu was the greatest land lords and ruled Zanzibar with the help of Shehe in Unguja and Diwani in Pemba.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Ubugabire system was another form of feudalism practiced among the Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda and Burundi. The Tutsi (donor) also known as SEBUJA could transfer their cattle to the Ifutu (recipient) as sometimes known as BUGABIRE. The Omugabire and his family were obliged to perform several duties for the masters including house building cultivating.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Ntemi system: This was practiced among the Nyamwezi and Sukuma. The power of ruler was based on the control of land The Mtemi organized his people to open up new land wherever it was available. The process of opening up new land was known as Kutema.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">MERITS OF FEUDALISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The following are some of merits of feudalism;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1) The weaker people in the society were protected by the king or the rich land owners. For example, among the Rwandans, the Tutsi had an obligation to protect their tenants, the Hutu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2) The land owners gave all poor people in the society a piece of land to cultivate. This way, everyone had a means of earning a living.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3) There was a piece in the state as the rich classes maintained law and order.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4) The rich supported the poor with food during drought and famine.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5) The society were highly stratified, with each class of people knowing their position and role. In this way, the feudal societies were very organized.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">DEMERITS OF FEUDALISM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1) The rich exploited labour force of the poor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2) Only a few people in society owned land.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3) There was inequality in society between the rich and the poor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4) The peasant were forced to undertake military duties and endanger their lives for their landlords.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5) It encouraged inter-community warfare as landlords fought in order to increase their land and vassals. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Assignment</span></b></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Explain the term social organisation and production</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Identify the types of social organizations and production that existed in Africa up to the19th century</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">What is communalism mode of production?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Identify the characteristics of communalism</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Show examples of the societies that had communalism up to the 19th century</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">What is slavery and slave mode of production?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Explain the features of slavery in Africa</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Show areas where slavery was practiced in Africa</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">What is feudalism as mode of production?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Explain the characteristics of feudalism</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Show societies in east Africa that had feudalism up to the 19th century12. Explain the feudal relation (forms of feudalism) that existed in the following areas.i) Interlacustrine region of Lake Victoriaii) Indian Ocean coast of East Africa</span></li>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-56827418622491331992017-11-16T00:31:00.000-08:002017-11-16T00:31:20.075-08:00HISTORY; INTERACTION AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Interaction was the way in which people from a given community came into contact with another community. or interaction was a state in which people from one community got into contact with one another. The contacts among African people resulted from their various struggles to meet their daily requirements and further social and economic development. Before colonialism, African communities had social and economic interactions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A) SOCIAL INTERACTION:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Social interaction took place through migration, religion, war, music, medicine and marriage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. MIGRATION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">East Africa belongs to four main language groups namely the Khoisan, the Cushites, the Nilotes and the Bantu. Historical evidences show that the earliest inhabitants of East Africa were of Khoisan origin. Their speech is described as had “click” sound. It was similar to the language of present day KhoiKhoi and San of South Africa. They were nomadic hunters and gathers. These early large groups interacted with the larger Cushites, Bantu and the Nilotes communities that began settling in East Africa from the first century A.D. The remnants of them include Sandawe and Hadzabe of Tanzania and the Okiek (Dorobo) of Kenya. The origin home kind of the Nilotes was in the Nile valley in Sudan. Some Bantu communities of East Africa included Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Chagga and Pare of Tanzania, kikuyu, Kamba. Luhya of Kenya and Baganda, Basoga and Banyoro of Uganda. Through interaction of one community practiced medicine interacted with another led to some changes such as introduction of iron technology in East Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. RELIGION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Religion played a crucial role in all African societies. Religious beliefs were taken seriously and affected every phase of life. There was a variety of religious activities in pre-colonial Africa. These included burial rites purifications, rituals naming of ceremonies and prayers to bless soldiers before they went to war. Religious activities took place at different levels such as family level, clan level and community level e.g. The Bushmen of Congo held prayers before going to hunt as they believed that God was the source of all food. Among the Asante people of West Africa the king of Asante (Asantehene) based his right to office on the possession of the Royal or Golden stool, Asantehene was regarded as the chief priest. Natural cults also existed in many parts of Africa. Their main aim was to please the spirits and legendary heroes e.g. the juju practiced in Western Africa the Shona held a cult called Mwani. The king of Shona (Mwanamtapa) was regarded as decline.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. WARS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">African communities engaged in war from time to time; they fought with various reasons such as to increase the number of the herds of livestock, to get fertile land for agriculture purposes and expansion of the kingdom e.g. Buganda conquered Buddu, Karagwe and Busoga to expand their kingdom by 1839. Egyptian army had established their base at Gondokora the area located around Southern Khartoum and by 1869, Egyptian had raided and destroyed the Lango and Ancholi religion in the modern day Uganda.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. MUSIC AND DANCES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">African music and dances brought people together; communities’ rites and ceremonies were accompanied by songs and dances. Every African society developed songs for work, Labourers sang while clearing fields, sowing and harvesting goods example of dances were Mdundiko among the Zaramo and Sindimba of Makonde. The Yomba of West Africa performed Orik music where by other songs praised or condemned certain characteristics including leadership and relation with neighbours. Dance were also performed for different purposes; some dance were open to everyone while others restricted to a certain secret society professional and artisans example Chagga men and women performed a dance called Rring during wedding ceremonies and Luguru led their dance called Gubi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. MEDICINE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">African’s had medicine men and women who played important role both spiritually and medically. Those who practice medicine interacted with many members of the society as patient visited some of the well known medicine men and women. Some medicine men and women were also political advisors and leaders example Kinjekitile Ngwale of Southern Tanzania most of the medicine were extracted from plant roots, barks and leaves e.g. The (neem tree) Mwarobaini is mostly used by various medicine in Matebele.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. MARRIAGE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Marriage occupies a position of great importance in African communities. Every member of the society jugs to build their own family. In Buganda the Kabaka married from different clans in order to enhance political unity in the kingdom. Therefore social interactions strengthened through marriage. At the same time marriage led to emergence of new culture examples Swahili culture as the result of mixture of Bantu and Arab culture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">B) ECONOMIC INTERACTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Africa communities also interacted due to economic factors such as crafts, trade, farming and pastoralism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1) METAL WORKING</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">African communities used various kinds of metal to make tools, weapons, utensil and ornaments; some of the widely used metals were iron, Bronze, Gold, Copper and tin. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of early in working beneath important religious shrine in the Great lakes religion dating back over 2,000 years ago.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Egyptians were the first people known to have used copper; Benin the Bronze casters had guild called Igun Eronwon through making various metal tools people interacted due to the need of the commodities through interactions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2) AGRICULTURE:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Many Africans communities practiced agriculture and different types of interaction took place in the process. Apart from few communities such as the pastoral Maasai who never tilled land; other communities cultivated a variety of crops by using different farming methods, tools and crops were passed from one community to another. The Kwari who were purely pastoral community eventually became cultivators as the results they interacted with agricultural societies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3) FISHING</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Was an economic activity that was practiced by communities that lived near water bodies such as lakes, rivers and the seas. The Luo were and still are named fishermen in Pre-colonial East Africa the Ndengereko's fished in the river Rufiji while the Zaramo and other coastal people in the Indian Ocean, such fishing communities interacted with pastoral and agriculturalist so as to acquire animal product and agricultural commodities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4) TRADE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Trade conducted in pre–colonial period was in barter system, the trade network was based on the need to access what a community didn’t produce; Example pastoralists exchanged their animals’ products for vegetable and grains. The limbo clans among the Luo specialized in occupation such as iron working and pottery. Between 8 th – 16 th C. AD community from the Sudanic belt engaged in trade with the communities from north Africa in the Trans – Sahara trade. Among the most important commodities of exchange were iron, gold, slaves and salts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5) THE NEED TO SEARCH NEW AREAS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Areas with fertile land and reliable rainfall were very attractive to the people within the regions or those coming from outside the regions. Agricultural societies kept on shifting from the area with infertile soil to areas with fertile soil; examples in the interlacustrine regions were densely populated compared to areas like Central Tanzania and Northern part of Kenya where population was low.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">IMPACTS /RESULTS /EFFECTS/CONSEQUENCES/ OUTCOMES OF THE INTERACTIONS.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">A: SOCIAL IMPACTS OF INTERACTIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Loss of originality: in the process of migrations and trade interactions people moved from one place of their origin to various destinations, through this interactions probably there was interactions of new values, customs and beliefs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Emergence of new language. As people of different languages like Bantu, Nilotes and Khoisan meet with other groups; they developed new languages which were based on those new related groups of Swahili language developed in East Africa having most of the Bantu vocabularies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Inter marriage. When people moved from their original areas and established settlement in new areas they got married with the natures and established new social relations. These involved social conflicts since people were united together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Population increased. The places which were attractive for people’s settlements become highly populated. Those regions immigration was common than emigration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">B): THE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. Growth of towns and cities. Trading activities stimulated the emergence of urban centers along the trade natures and centers. Areas that produced trade commodities in West, North and East Africa become remarkable urban center; example Taghaza, Timbuktu, Gao, Kumbisaleh in West Africa, Alex and Rial in Tripoli and Cairo in north Africa, Malindi, Mombasa. Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Tabora and Ujiji in East Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Exposure of Africa to the external world. The African coast and interior areas were invalided to the outside world. People were engaged in trading activities and slowly they created trading contacts with the Europeans. African was producing goods that were observed by the outside world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. Intensification of agricultural production. Due to good manufacturing and use of better tools and high demands of food stuffs; cash crops and animals products became very important among Africans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. Development of technical skills and new areas. Trading activities stimulated the emergency and growth of technical skills. Africans were able to process gold, iron smelting and cloth making.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Over exploitation of African resources. Trade items such as ivory, gold, copper and animals skins, supplied within African and later to outside world. Later on those resources were highly demanded by the outside world like Asia and Europe. Therefore traders take them to outside world of large quantities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. The decrease of manpower. Many people in the Western Sudan and East Africa interior were captured as slaves to meet the high demands of slaves by long distance and Trans-Saharan trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Emergence of classes: The interactions of people on Africa resulted into classes of rich and poor; those who engaged in trade and agricultural activities became economically powerful than those who did not engage in these activities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">THE COMING OF THE NGONI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ngoni people originated in Kwazulu land and Natal region in the sent by the public of South Africa. Ngoni are the one who speak Nguni language in the 19 th century; Zulu kingdom got new king called Tshaka. Tshaka through frequent war campaigns succeeded to expand his empire. The tribe defeated by Tshaka was recruited into his military service. Through this contradiction many other tribes fled northward to Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia. Due to contradictions and political ambition Tshaka was assassinated by his brother Dingane 1828. </span></div>
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<b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">CAUSES OF THE NGONI MIGRATIONS.</span></b></div>
</b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">1. The mfecane war. This was the period of political instability and upheavals in South Africa which led to the creation of political alliances among the displaced communities. It covered the period 1820 – 1834 which referred as war of crushing the people. The war was narrated by the Ngoni as Ufuaru which meant the crushing and it was named as Difaune. As a result of this contradiction wide warrior divided into two groups one was Under shoshangane created Gaza Empire in Mozambique and Zwangendaba migrated northern wards through central Africa into present day Tanzania.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- One group under Mputa Maseko crossed Zambezi River and passed to Eastern side of Lake Malawi (Nyasa) finally settled in present day Songea district.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Zwangedaba lead another groups reached and settled in Ufipa, and in the areas of Lake Nyasa in 1840.Hence Zwangedaba died in 1845.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- The Ndebele under mzirikazi found their settlement in present day Zimbabwe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- The Kololo under Swebatwane migrated north and built Lozi kingdom a centralized state.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- The Ngoni people were predominantly agriculturalists and pastoralists; in order to protect their traditional way of life they decided to move northwards to central and Eastern Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">2. Boer expansion. Since the Ngoni’s economy depend much on land they wanted to expand southwards but due to presence of Boers it become difficult to them as they could not extend to west because Kens rub mountain or to East because of Indian Ocean hence they involved north wards.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">3. The Ngoni migrated due to the tyrannical and dictatorial rule of Shaka: The Zulu ruler was cruel in nature as he severely tortured people and those who failed to respond to his order were killed. Due to this some people decided to seek refuge by migrating to other areas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">4. It was due to overpopulation: Thiswas caused by the fertility of soils and the reliability of rainfall between Drakensberg Mountains and the Indian Ocean. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">5. Pastoralism reason: Some Ngoni people owned large herds of cattle and northwards looking for pasture and water for their animals. So they wanted to look for more fertile land for their cattle. They also experienced famine and drought that led to lack of food and water. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">6. The influence of their leaders: Men like Zwangendaba, Maputo and Zulugama provided good leadership. This encouraged them to move onwards. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">7. Overstocking: It could also have been due to overstocking of their animals as they were having spirit of cattle rustling, i.e. they had great desire to steal other people’s cattle. For example they went on driving away and confiscating other people’s cattle during their conquest and expansionist wars.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">8. Increased knowledge of military tactics by the age regiments:These were powerful military forces and dedicated to professional war, which was their livelihood. They believed that they could have other territories through migration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Effects of Ngoni invasion or migration in East Africa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Positive effects</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Ngoni invasion led to the rise on outstanding leaders to prominence. These included Mirambo, Nyungu ya Mawe and Mkwawa, who used the Ngoni military tactics to build their states.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Many small Ntemi chiefdoms came together (united) and formed large political units under strong leaders to fight the Ngoni for example Sangu and Hehe (re-organisation).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was formation of new societies/tribe like the Mbunga.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Hehe under Mkwawa were able to resist the Germans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was spread of Ngoni customs and culture for example initiation ceremonies where girls were taught sex educations and circumcision.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It led to formation of a large Ngoni society in East Africa as they absorbed many people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It led to the ormation of some societies by those who used Ngoni tactics for example Nyamwezi under Mirambo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It led to the introduction of new weapons eg. assegai, cowhides and shields.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">From the Ngoni invasion people learned how to become organised from smaller disorganised society, to well organised bigger political systems. These were to be under the control and leadership of organised, strong and efficient rulers such as the Sangu chief, Hehe etc.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There were intermarriages between Ngoni and Nyamwezi which subsequently led to improved relationships between the invaders and indigenous people and an increased population.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Negative effects</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They caused the loss of lives leading to depopulation in some areas where they got warriors this was especially in southern Tanzania. This was due to the killing of people in the expansionist wars e.g. the Mariti remnants of Rugarugas killed so many people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They introduced military organisation and tactics to such an extent that the Ngoni lost their superiority. e.g Holoholo were able to defeat the Tuta Ngoni when they re attacked them.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Their movement led to wider spread of devastation, depopulation and displacement of people.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They destroyed the economy of the people of southern Tanzania when they grabbed their cattle (the Ngoni were cattle plunderers). The Ngoni invasion led to poverty, i.e. it led to the creation of the class of poor people as their property continued to be destroyed and persistently looted during the wars.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Ngoni led to formation of refugees who lived by plundering and killing i.e. the Mariti and Rugaruga who were later used by ambitious men like Mirambo and Nyungu ya Mawe to form their empires.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Tuta Ngoni on their movement northwards, disrupted the trade particularly between Tabora and Ujiji.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">There was loss of peoples’ language, culture and customs (detribalisation of people), i.e. the raids caused many people to become homeless and tribe less. This led to people losing their identity. In addition, such groups became terrorists who lived by war, plunder and hunting for ivory. They included the “Rugaruga” who began hiring their services as mercenaries to any chief willing to pay them.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ngoni disturbances disrupted normal cultivation leading to famine. There was widespread famine due to the scotched-earth policy of fighting circumstances, crop could neither be planted nor harvested, and people were forced to abandon farming.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">They led to insecurity since the new weapons and military tactics increased warfare and aggression in East Africa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Ngoni intensified slave trade in East Africa, this was because they displaced people from their homes and so making it easy for slave raiders to catch and sell them.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It led to increased warfare among the African societies, including those areas that had been peaceful before.</span></div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-17032686018141194872017-11-16T00:20:00.000-08:002017-11-16T00:20:54.520-08:00TOPIC ONE: SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY<br /><br />SECTION A: Multiple choice and matching item<br /><br />1. Multiple choices. Choose the most correct answer.<br /><br />i. What among the following is true about the term history?<br /><br />a) History is the study of man and his activities in different times.<br /><br />b) The activities that enable man to obtain his needs like food, cloths, and shelter is called<br /><br />History<br /><br />c) Is the study of technological transformation in animal life?<br /><br />d) All above true.<br /><br />ii. We can obtain historical information through various sources. Except<br /><br />a) Oral tradition b) Historical sites c) Archives d) Anthropologist<br /><br />iii. The duration of thousand years (1000 years) is called<br /><br />a) a millennium b) a decade c) a century d) a week<br /><br />iv. Which is not used to determine dates among the following?<br /><br />a) Year b) Recalling events c) By studying languages d) 3. Carbon 14<br /><br />v. It present the year when Jesus Christ was born<br /><br />a) Year ZERO b) Anno Domino (A.D) c) Before Christ (BC) d) a and b is true<br /><br />Website: www.darasaletu.com<br /><br />2. Matching item.<br /><br />LIST A LIST B<br /><br />i. Museum<br /><br />ii. Dr. Louis Leaky<br /><br />iii. Oral tradition<br /><br />iv. Carbon 14<br /><br />v. Decade<br /><br />a) Finding dates for remains of animals or plants which died beyond<br /><br />5000 years ago.<br /><br />b) Is where Written records can be found<br /><br />c) is the duration of one hundred years<br /><br />d) is a duration of ten years<br /><br />e) Buildings where information and objects are preserved.<br /><br />f) Archaeologist<br /><br />g) Colonialist<br /><br />h) passing information by word of mouth<br /><br />SECTION B:<br /><br />3. Mention five importance of studying history.<br /><br />4. Explain sources of historical information.<br /><br />5. What is historical information can be found in;<br /><br />i. Oral tradition<br /><br />ii. Historical sites<br /><br />6. Explain four advantages and disadvantage of historical site<br /><br />7. How historical events can be determined?<br /><br />8. What is Carbon 14<br /><br />9. Show an event which can be recalled in three regions in Tanzania.<br /><br />10. Draw time graph and show at least six historical events since Tanganyika independence.<br /><br />3. The following is the importance of studying history.<br /><br />i. History enables us to understand how man has been working on his environment<br /><br />ii. History helps us to understand the past and the present that help us to predict the future.<br /><br />iii. It helps us to understand technological transformation in human life e.g from Stone Age<br /><br />to Iron Age.<br /><br />iv. It helps us to get knowledge on society.<br /><br />v. History helps us to understand our origin.<br /><br />4. There are various sources of historical information some of these includes;<br /><br />i. Oral tradition; this involves the passing information by word of mouth through talking<br /><br />and listening.<br /><br />Oral tradition passes historical information into two ways<br /><br />1. Through culture practices like art, music, religion, riddles, songs, proverbs, superstition,<br /><br />poems and stories.<br /><br />2. Narration of past events.<br /><br />ii. Historical sites: Are special places where by the past human remains can be found and<br /><br />shown to the public.<br /><br />These are places in which the remains of once lived human in the past can be found.<br /><br />Website: www.darasaletu.com<br /><br />Qn. i. ii. iii. iv. v.<br /><br />Answer A D A A D<br /><br />LIST A i. ii. iii. iv. v.<br /><br />LIST B E F H A D<br /><img src="blob:https://drive.google.com/06825631-ea3c-4e4a-b74a-fd9016370b07" /><br /><br />iii. Archaeology: Is the scientific study of past human remains.<br /><br /> This is the study of material remain of man’s past through scientific methods.<br /><br /> The one specializes in archeology is called ARCHAEOLOGIST.<br /><br /> Archaeology involve excavations (digging) of the remains of man’s past historical<br /><br />sites and interpretation.<br /><br /> The famous archaeologist in East Africa was Dr. Louis Leaky with his wife Mary<br /><br />Leakey.<br /><br />Archaeology involves the use of carbon 14 dating to determine plants and animal remains.<br /><br />iv. Archives; these are places where collection of public and private documents and old<br /><br />record are preserved.<br /><br />These documents includes personal letters, early travelers and missionary records, traders<br /><br />writings, personal and government files, political parties documents, etc.<br /><br />v. Museum; These are places or buildings where information and objects are preserved.<br /><br /> It involves all terms which shows culture, political economic and technological<br /><br />development from the past to the present.<br /><br /> Objects can be early coins, clothes, mineral cowries, religious and ceremonial<br /><br />symbols.<br /><br /> Museum can be national, Regional, District and village.<br /><br />e.g National Museums in Dar es salaam, Bagamoyo, Butiama, Kalenga Iringa.<br /><br />vi. Written record; Are the documents which comprise written historical information.<br /><br /> This includes books, letters, maps, magazines, journal, newspaper, minutes of<br /><br />meetings and conferences.<br /><br /> Written records can be found in libraries, schools, colleges, universities, internet<br /><br />cafes, offices etc.<br /><br />vii. Linguistic; is scientific study and analysis of language.<br /><br />It includes study of sound, structure, information and relationship between various<br /><br />language groups<br /><br />viii. Anthropology; is the study of the society’s cultural systems, beliefs, ideas etc.<br /><br />The study can give important information about movements, settlements and production<br /><br />activities of the past.<br /><br />5. a) Oral tradition;<br /><br />1.Human being can get historical information through culture practices like art, music,<br /><br />religion, riddles, songs, proverbs, superstition, poems and stories.<br /><br />2.Narration of past events.<br /><br />b) Historical sites;<br /><br />There are several information that can be obtained through historical sites For Example of<br /><br />historical sites include Isimila is the Age stone site, Olduvai George It holds the earliest man<br /><br />lived as discovered by Dr. Leaky, Kondoa Irangi also the information found is drawings of the<br /><br />forefather<br /><br />6. Advantages of Historical sites.<br /><br />1. They helps for practical historical learning<br /><br />Eg. Through observation of past human tools, rock, paints.<br /><br />2. Acts as centers of tourism.<br /><br />3. They helps in transforming theoretical teaching of history to practical historical learning.<br /><br />4. It provides employment opportunities eg: guiders<br /><br />Disadvantages of Historical sites<br /><br />1. It brings confusion to interpret the remains found in historical sites<br /><br />2. Many of historical sites are found on remote areas hence difficult for many people to visit<br /><br />them.<br /><br />7. The following are ways used to determine historical events;<br /><br />1. Recalling events:- here important events are recalled/remembered e.g drought, farming,<br /><br />floods, birth, eruption of diseases etc.<br /><br />2. By studying languages:- Some names helps people to remember dates of some events. e.g<br /><br />Word “Karafuu” started when Cloves were introduced in Zanzibar<br /><br />3. Carbon 14 is a scientific method of determining dates. It used in the finding dates for<br /><br />remains of animals or plants which died beyond 5000 years ago.<br /><br /> Carbon 14 is a gas found in carbon-dioxide which exist in the atmosphere.<br /><br /> It absorbed by plant and other living organisms. When died carbon 14 that starts to decay<br /><br />at a fixed rate from the time of death.<br /><br />4. Orders of events: ways showing order of events, period and ages, among them are:-<br /><br /> Time graph<br /><br /> Time chart<br /><br /> Time line<br /><br /> Family tree<br /><br />8. Carbon 14 is a scientific method of determining dates. It used in the finding dates for remains<br /><br />of animals or plants which died beyond 5000 years ago.<br /><br /> Carbon 14 is a gas found in carbon-dioxide which exist in the atmosphere.<br /><br /> It absorbed by plant and other living organisms. When died carbon 14 that starts to decay<br /><br />at a fixed rate from the time of death.<br /><br />9. Recalling involves remembering the events which occurred in different times that human<br /><br />being passed e.g drought, farming, floods, birth, eruption of diseases e.t.c<br /><br />In Mbeya region events that can be recalled includes; Floods in Kyela district that occurred in<br /><br />April 2016.<br /><br />In Songwe region skinner of human being.<br /><br />In Dodoma region Train accident<br /><br />10. The following is a graph that shows past events occurred in Tanzania since independence of<br /><br />Tanganyika.<br /><br /><br /><br />1995<br />1978<br /><br />1977<br /><br />1967<br /><br />1964<br /><br />1961<br /><br />Tanzania<br /><br />holds itsfirst<br /><br />multi-party<br /><br />Tanzania & Uganda<br /><br />war<br /><br />Chama cha mapinduzi<br /><br />(CCM) formed.<br /><br />Arusha declaration<br /><br />Zanzibar Revolution<br /><br />Tanganyika independence<br /><br />kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-22057797162505032392017-11-08T00:47:00.002-08:002017-11-15T23:20:22.081-08:00MOBISOL ANNOUNCE NEW JOB<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitB9r_-QNMFL9uUj_s_R68AKFTvsvidBEZUtCKbYH71DiacHVDYoxQAzTXAkmf6mVdlRrEbkbsFisqUSxIkLroAS8c6r9SUJwOx4GyeZcsZJx-PydoTLaSd50ucuGHG6VJ5-dhXaXdY2Pf/s1600/MOBISOL.png"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitB9r_-QNMFL9uUj_s_R68AKFTvsvidBEZUtCKbYH71DiacHVDYoxQAzTXAkmf6mVdlRrEbkbsFisqUSxIkLroAS8c6r9SUJwOx4GyeZcsZJx-PydoTLaSd50ucuGHG6VJ5-dhXaXdY2Pf/s200/MOBISOL.png" width="200" /></a><br /><br />Location<br />Arusha Mjini Arusha<br />Description<br />Mobisol is one of the world’s leading companies for Solar Home Systems with approximately 600 passionate employees, delivering a clean and affordable alternative to fossil fuels for low-income households (living without access to reliable energy). Our dedicated product line combines solar energy with innovative mobile technology and accessible micro-financing. Having successfully installed more than 90,000 solar home systems in Tanzania, Kenya and Rwanda, Mobisol is in the process of scaling with its mission to Plug in the World. Please read more about Mobisol at www.plugintheworld.com.<br /><br />To support our growth in Tanzania we are looking for Sales Agent Coordinators to work with us across Tanzania<br /><br />Are you a seasoned Sales Champion? Are you able to motivate and coach your sales team to the best of its performance? Do you know how to sell in rural and peri-urban areas? Then we are looking for you.<br /><br />As a Sales Agent Coordinator, you will be responsible for leading your Sales Team, consisting of 6 to 8 Sales Agents, in a certain district. You are constantly in contact with your Sales Agents and you are the one empowering them to reach their sales targets.<br /><b><br />TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES</b><br />Achieving the sales targets in your assigned Territory<br />Mentoring each Sales Agent to enhance operational performance, motivation, and engagement<br />Training and on the job coaching of SAs on topics including pitching, sales conversation, closing, and building of strong and long-lasting relationships with customers<br />Organizing and facilitating regular team meetings with your Team<br />Evaluating Sales Agent performance, developing and implementing plans for improvement, discussing sales achieved, strengths, weaknesses, and training plan<br />Reporting about sales activities on a daily basis<div>
<br /><b>QUALIFICATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ROLE</b><br />Degree/Diploma in Sales, Management and/or related fields Sales experience is essential; two years’ experience in B2C sales and at least 1 year in sales management or a related field is a plus<br />Ability and a passion for coaching and training sales agents Strongly customer focused<br />Dynamic self-starter, high energy and strong initiative Willing to travel in Territory assigned and attend training/events in regional/zonal/national hubs<br />Fluency in Swahili and English; knowledge of Territory local language(s) is a plus<br />Must have a valid driving license and be able to drive both automatic and manual transmission cars.<br /><br />If you feel intrigued by this challenging opportunity, please click the link below and follow the application instructions <a href="https://mobisol-jobs.personio.de/job/42419">https://mobisol-jobs.personio.de/job/42419</a><br /><br />As an equal opportunity employer, Mobisol offers all of its employees and applicants full equal opportunity irrespective of race, ethnic origin, sexual identity and disability, religion or beliefs.</div>
kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-21775663483797925502017-11-08T00:19:00.001-08:002017-11-15T23:20:22.076-08:00BELOW ARE LIST OF STUDENTS WHO GET LOAN IN ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47UGXIb6RuZ_nQcrLYP4SE1tK0cUUas1dBUsnFVg6zm3O5x14LdOJutO71fm_OMbYV3hm2WnJ-qOkhHLGXHZXMSyHEd8FmLdaMHaM_UxLf8WhjSNZbNGv7AGecrT880aauhYfCS2zruA3/s1600/HESLB.PNG"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47UGXIb6RuZ_nQcrLYP4SE1tK0cUUas1dBUsnFVg6zm3O5x14LdOJutO71fm_OMbYV3hm2WnJ-qOkhHLGXHZXMSyHEd8FmLdaMHaM_UxLf8WhjSNZbNGv7AGecrT880aauhYfCS2zruA3/s200/HESLB.PNG" width="200" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />11481 STUDENTS HAS BEEN SELECTED AS A SECOND ROUND TO GET LOAN FOR THE ACADEMI C YEAR 2017/2018<div>
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<a href="https://olas.heslb.go.tz/batchone_loansallocation.pdf" target="_blank">CLICK HERE TO GET FULL LIST</a><div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-29995255952477236392017-11-08T00:12:00.001-08:002017-11-15T23:20:22.087-08:00JOB AT AFRICACARE<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXE1F9QmpKb57EThInvdSTk5aNDj0NUWXPQ20zGFKctNGyjXTAoqBSLhY5IZfGjklT2dGcd89ZKtI3BVpZww2sgXxpzwWq5-_p_So8kVBunwxl3ooYBp93TJUhnKbDYhCdJaJEuRBs_Xy/s1600/africare.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbXE1F9QmpKb57EThInvdSTk5aNDj0NUWXPQ20zGFKctNGyjXTAoqBSLhY5IZfGjklT2dGcd89ZKtI3BVpZww2sgXxpzwWq5-_p_So8kVBunwxl3ooYBp93TJUhnKbDYhCdJaJEuRBs_Xy/s1600/africare.jpg" /></a><br /><br />COMMUNICATION CONSULTANT – AFRICARE<br /><br />POSITION SUMMARY<br />To scale Mwanzo Bora Nutrition Program’s MBNP impact through program communication and advocacy. This job position can be full filled by the skilled individual or consultant team. The communication consultant will be responsible for setting up and achieving program communication targets and contribute to and monitoring their implementation in particular the individual or personnel will produce and dissemenimate materials for communicating information about the project and their activities coordinate content of Africare Tanzania website/social media and the production of a periodic newsletter Disseminate projects reports and publication and maintains update database of contacts and effective communication system<br /><br />DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES<br />i. In accordance with plans development by senior management/department manager, develop, implement and evaluate an annual communications strategy<br />ii. Working with senior management to determine goals and critical success factor<br />iii. Ensure the communications budget is in conjunction with organization budget<br />iv. Develop, implement, and evaluate the annual social media strategy<br />v. Provide professional writing and communication in support MBNP internal and external communications<br />vi. Responsible for creating though leadership pieces like op-eds and blogs<br />vii. Assist with maintaining consistency with respect the MBNP goals and vision<br />viii. Provide input on tactics and actions items needed to meet agreed upon MBNP goals<br />ix. Keep up-to –date on new marketing strategic website design event planning techniques etc<br />x. Ensure alignment of communication and events plans with organization objectives<br />xi. Tracking, monitoring, measuring, and disseminating both social and traditional media mention<br />xii. Assist in development and preparations of department projects both – internal and external<br />xiii. Must produce fair, accurate and clear content made in an ethical manner<br /><br />QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE<br />- A graduate or post graduate qualifications in communications, marketing and public administration journalism, public relations or any other related<br />- 2 years working experience in communications with relations messaging an media relations<br />- Proven experience in communications, social media, public relations messaging and media elations<br />- Proven experience in communication, social media, public relations messaging and media relations<br />- Well-developed report writing, publication, research and consultation skills<br />- Well-developed IT skills advanced knowledge of editing and publishing software experience of online consultations and webpage management<br />- Ability to use working tools such as Photoshop, picture designing etc<br /><br />HOW TO APPLY<br />Applications should include a resume and cover letter in the cover letter (no more than 2 pages the applicant should briefly describe) their motivation for the position and highlight and relevant experience please include the “COMMUNICATIONSPECIALIST” in the subject line when submitting through email address provided<br /><br />All applications should be submit by email only to Tanzania.vacancies@africare.org <br /><br />Deadline is 20th November 2017<br />Source the Guardian November 07, 2017 </span>kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-74125403093328370432017-11-08T00:09:00.001-08:002017-11-15T23:20:22.117-08:00JOB OPPORTUNITY AT SUMATRA<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgbaFd2mK-lVvR3ys49vFAo5ym_MWcbdS6dXrY0A9oCsEH6T_dsIpuRFn3oyLo3cSETwVjoyARguUWyasdSDAdYo6XLrEBb5_mwn88ochnjYIldfR3yuWgOJdJbjUFy4lCkiGWGbUQk8mH/s1600/Sumatra.jpg"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgbaFd2mK-lVvR3ys49vFAo5ym_MWcbdS6dXrY0A9oCsEH6T_dsIpuRFn3oyLo3cSETwVjoyARguUWyasdSDAdYo6XLrEBb5_mwn88ochnjYIldfR3yuWgOJdJbjUFy4lCkiGWGbUQk8mH/s200/Sumatra.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /><br />DIRECTOR OF RAILIWAY REGULATION (HEAD OFFICE) - SUMATRA<br /><br />The Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority (SUMATRA) is a Government<br />Regulatory Authority established by the SUMATRA Act, CAP 413. SUMATRA’s role is to<br />regulate, promote and facilitate availability of efficient, safe, quality, reliable and<br />economic transport services in the Surface and Marine Transport sub-sectors through<br />competition and fair trade practices.<br /><br />The Authority is an equal opportunity employer and it intends to recruit qualified,<br />competent, dynamic and self-motivated Tanzanians to fill the following vacant<br />position:<br /><br />1.0 DIRECTOR OF RAILWAY REGULATION (Head Office) - 1 Post -REF No. DRR/2017<br /><br />Director of Railway Regulation reports to the Director General<br /><br />1.1 Duties and Responsibilities<br />• To advise the Director General on railway regulation;<br />• To have overall responsibility for the regulation and monitoring of railway<br />safety and ensuring that railway undertakings maintain adequate safety<br />standards and comply with all relevant railway safety regulation;<br />• To monitor and prevent the abuse of the monopoly position in the railway<br />transport sector;<br />• To coordinate the issuance of licenses to railways transport operators;<br />• To regulate railway tariffs and monitor service standards therein;<br />• To investigate railway accidents and incidents;<br />• To approve new rail infrastructure, rolling stocks and safety systems;<br />• To monitor the adequacy of investment in railway transport and levels of<br />return on investment;<br />• To promote inter-modal transport cooperation;<br />• To contribute and manage the strategic, business planning and<br />budgeting process;<br />• To manage the individual set objectives/targets and performance<br />standards process as part of the individual performance agreement;<br />• To manage the open performance review and appraisal process of<br />subordinates and provide feedback as appropriate; and<br />• To perform any other duties assigned by the Director General<br /><br />1.2 Minimum qualifications and Requirements:<br />• University Postgraduate Degree in Engineering (Civil, Electrical,<br />Mechanical) or its equivalent.<br />• Bachelor Degree in Engineering (Civil, Electrical, Mechanical ) or its<br />equivalent;<br />• Registered Professional Engineer by Engineers Registration Board (T) with<br />a valid Practicing License; and<br />• At least ten (10) years of working experience, five (5) years of which<br />must be at senior managerial position in a reputable institution<br />(preferable an institution related to the post).<br /><br />2.0 CANDIDATES’ ATTRIBUTES FOR THE ABOVE VACANT POSITION<br />Candidates for the position to be filled must:<br /> Demonstrate highest degree of integrity;<br /> Possess good communication and interpersonal skills;<br /> Be self driven and capable of working with minimal supervision;<br /> Be capable of delivering excellent results while working under pressure<br />with tight schedules and deadlines; and<br /> Possess basic knowledge in Information and Communication Technology<br />(ICT) applications, such as Microsoft Office package.<br /><br />3.0 TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT<br />Successful candidate will be employed on five (5) years contract including six<br />months of probation, renewable subject to satisfactory performance.<br /><br />4.0 REMUNERATION<br />Attractive remuneration package will be offered to successful candidates<br /><br />5.0 MODE OF APPLICATION<br />Applications should be on applicants’ own handwriting indicating the Ref. No.<br />of the application, accompanied with detailed Curriculum Vitae, copies of<br />relevant certificates, and detailed contacts of three (3) reliable referees.<br />Application letter and the envelope should have the Reference Number (Ref.<br />No.) of the post applied. Application without Ref. No. will not be considered.<br />Applications with statement/Provisional results or Statements of Results from<br />any institution where Certificates have already been issued will not be<br />considered,<br /><br />6.0 DEADLINE FOR RECEIVING APPLICATION<br />Application should be submitted to the address below not later than<br />Wednesday, 15th November, 2017. Any application received after the due<br />date will not be considered.<br />Only short listed candidates will be contacted for Interview.<br /><br />DIRECTOR GENERAL,<br />SUMATRA HEAD OFFICE,<br />MAWASILIANO HOUSE,<br />A. H. MWANYI RD/NKOMO ST.<br />P. O. BOX 3093,<br />DAR ES SALAAM.<br /><br />This advertisement is also available online at: <a href="http://www.sumatra.go.tz/">www.sumatra.go.tz</a></span> kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-88516957260788918212017-11-08T00:05:00.002-08:002017-11-15T23:20:22.139-08:00NAFASI ZA KAZI HALOTEL TANZANIA<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4KMD8iyA1HdvYRT-rgK5Fe2hVrUZgUtCZjbw60JbZyWLjc0UfFjpeL4mnCmfBAQL94jAx9mfWvtiCfaDpTbHIOetx2T_qBZsIWJi-bcEdoZUJwZ87a1N4wyHh6p47D0ANPxS4zppYZq7X/s1600/halotel.jpg"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4KMD8iyA1HdvYRT-rgK5Fe2hVrUZgUtCZjbw60JbZyWLjc0UfFjpeL4mnCmfBAQL94jAx9mfWvtiCfaDpTbHIOetx2T_qBZsIWJi-bcEdoZUJwZ87a1N4wyHh6p47D0ANPxS4zppYZq7X/s200/halotel.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /><br />Mechanics and Electric Engineer <br /><br />Description<br />Be responsible for installation and operation of mechanical & electrical system at the Branch; and guide District Centers to implements<br />Manage and update accurately to database on mechanical & electrical system at the whole Branch: Battery, regulator, power systems, and generators ... for each station through electromechanical data management software<br />Receive directions, and periodic and extraordinary reports on mechanical and electrical work in Viettel Branch. Guide clusters of team to perform.<br />Identify problems associated with mechanical and electrical systems at stations, total stations ... in Viettel<br />Branch.<br />Recommend testing, construction, solutions to improve quality of mechanical and electrical systems in the whole province; solutions for saving energy and increasing work performance.<br />Design and manage electrical systems in office building of the Branch and team offices in order to ensure safety and energy saving.<br />Monitor, direct, check, and supervise the construction and development of network infrastructure of partners to ensure the quality and progress of telecommunications work<br />Make as-built documents, payment and settlement of telecommunications work<br />To support technical staffs in branches to solve all technical problems like generator break down, electrical problem.<br />Understanding ME knowledge and training to all technical staffs in branch.<br />Ensure good cooperation with branches to solve problem in order to improve quality of ME systems.<br /><br />Application<br />All applications should be attached with your cv and certificates which should be sent to shija.mwisila@halotel.co.tz ,andwanzira@halotel.co.tz <br />The deadline for the application is 20th of November 2017kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7515964273993834139.post-57536229021251702142017-11-08T00:03:00.000-08:002017-11-15T23:20:22.103-08:00NEW JOB AT NMB<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5olx1BpabaRdU5O-DdqmlWN4GItWmUKHskD-hxLQc_8ILYkXlZ6mTbCLOUXQYknC_6YQxGhk_vGiUfyCL2MGlpixCj81ur9MgeyS80QU-g1EsF_TT24ZsyHCWNzX8CNKTvmlgInXXZEmq/s1600/nmb.jpg"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5olx1BpabaRdU5O-DdqmlWN4GItWmUKHskD-hxLQc_8ILYkXlZ6mTbCLOUXQYknC_6YQxGhk_vGiUfyCL2MGlpixCj81ur9MgeyS80QU-g1EsF_TT24ZsyHCWNzX8CNKTvmlgInXXZEmq/s200/nmb.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /><br />Head Communications and Corporate Affairs<br /><br />Role Title:<br />Head Communications & Corporate Affairs<br />Reporting Line:<br />Chief Executive Officer<br />Location:<br />NMB Head Office Dar es Salaam<br />Application deadline:<br />1st December 2017<br /><br />Company Description:<br /><br />NMB Bank Plc. (“NMB”) is a full service commercial bank incorporated in the United Republic of Tanzania. Through its 4 main business divisions: Retail, Wholesale, Agribusiness and Treasury, NMB provides a suite of financial services and products to retail customers, Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s), Corporates, institutions and the Government. The bank has 200+ branches, a growing number of 3500 Wakala and 700+ ATMs across the country and is present in 98% of all Government districts. NMB has over 2.5 million customers and employs over 3,400 staff. The Bank is listed on the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange in Tanzania. With a balance sheet size of over TZS 5.3 trillion, NMB has consistently been the most profitable bank in the country for the last 11 years.<br />For the 5th year in a row NMB was declared Best Bank in Tanzania by Euromoney in the framework of Africa Awards for Excellence.<br /><br />“NMB today is the bank that works, rather than one which exists. Tough decisions around capital, businesses and people have been made. Throughout that process, NMB has continued to deliver strong profits and pay industry-leading dividends to shareholders.” NMB’s Managing Director, Ineke Bussemaker, said innovative products, technology and investments in digital banking coupled with the widest branch network and ATM’s have contributed to the transformation of the bank making it the best bank for financial inclusion. “Solving the challenge of the countries unbanked will take investment, innovation and an ability to bring together key players in payments and other banking services. Currently, we are one of the key players in financial inclusion in the country and will continue to bring banking solutions fit for the majority.” said Ineke Bussemaker.<br />Winning the Best Bank Transformation in Africa and the Best Bank in Tanzania awards is a clear indication that our efforts are recognized not just in Tanzania but across the region.<br />Job Purpose:<br /><br />The job holder is responsible for advising on the overall NMB Communications and Public Affairs policy in order to promote the Bank's public image and develop an overall strategy and action plans for Corporate Communications, Public Affairs and Corporate Social Responsibility.<br /><br />Key Responsibilities:<br />• Be first point of contact for external media relations to ensure positive representation of the bank and its products in all media, including managing media engagement as the bank’s spokesperson and as delegated by the CEO from time to time<br />• Manage protocol for professional and consistent exposure during public appearances of the CEO<br />• Manage the bank’s reputation including crisis management in case of any (potential) matter arising that may threat NMBs good and solid image<br />• Implement a structured programme to facilitate appropriate levels of interaction with a variety of stakeholders, including the public and government officials, lobbying for business purposes, image and policy influence<br />• Represent NMB, and provide relationship support, towards potential investors, government and other stakeholders<br />• Provide political, social and economic intelligence to support business decisions through:<br />o Public policy & political risk monitoring and reporting<br />o Stakeholder management, including identification, intervention and management of potentially damaging issues that may arise from press reports and other media outlets, bringing these proactively to the CEO and others for internal deliberation<br />o Crisis communication plan implementation, team structure management and crisis management preparedness, using crisp and well thought-through business communiqués using the most suitable media given the situation<br />o Building and maintaining relationships with both print and electronic media houses<br />o Building and maintaining cordial relationships with relevant Ministries, Permanent Secretaries, Regional commissioners etc.<br />• Lead the development and delivery of the bank’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy and chair the internal CSR committees<br />• Facilitate external NMB sponsored CSR events such as ‘Financial inclusion’ initiatives in the branch network<br />• Define the policy for NMB’s community initiatives in alignment with agreed bank guidelines<br />• Collaborate with business units to maximise potential from community investments, leveraging client relationships and identifying revenue opportunities<br />• Identify and pursue relevant external platforms for leadership to enhance the profile of the bank’s community activities<br />• Manage the Corporate Affairs Team (small team), hierarchically and functionally, supporting the individuals in their professional development. Reach the results through the team executing the corporate communication, Public Affairs and CSR strategy and action plans<br /> <br />Attributes:<br />• Impeccable integrity<br />• Communication and interpersonal skills<br />• Networking and relationship management skills: externally with media, government and other stakeholders and internally with business heads, executive management and staff in general<br />• Negotiation skills<br />• Passion for driving the Corporate Affairs and Corporate Social Responsibility agenda in NMB<br />• Ability and drive to identify Public Affairs and Corporate Social Responsibility opportunities both within the bank and in the market<br />Key competences:<br />• Influence: persuading and influencing stakeholders<br />• Execution: achieving results through others, leading team, peers etc.<br />• Direction: providing vision and direction<br />• Collaboration: creating synergies through working in partnership, teamwork<br />• Business Judgement: showing commercial acumen<br /><br />Qualifications and experience:<br />• Master’s degree in communication, journalism, public relations & corporate communication or in a related field gained from a recognized university<br />• In case of an alternative Master’s degree a post graduate qualifications in Public Relations/ Mass communication is required<br />• 10+ years’ experience in corporate communication with a leading organization in Tanzania, 5 years in managerial position<br />• Experience leading teams, defining and executing a Public Affairs/ Corporate Social Responsibility strategy in a large corporate organization<br />• Experience navigating complex organizations, including gaining access to key executives and stakeholders and successfully building relationships with functions in a matrix structure<br /> <br />This position is open to Tanzanian nationals only. <br /><br />If you consider yourself to be a strong candidate based on the requirements for the role, we invite you to apply by sending your letter of application and CV to executives@nmbtz.com</span><div>
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kazihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11558655968253399913noreply@blogger.com0